* Clinically and radiographically evident periodontitis^17,38: severe periodontitis with chronic infection and inflammation of the supporting alveolar bone is a major risk factor for ONJ. This condition may be present in 3%–5% of seventh-decade and older adults who still have teeth¹⁷

* Tooth extraction: up to 60% of cases of ONJ have been reported in patients having had a recent tooth extraction^{1,2,17,35,38,50,66}

* Concomitant or past oral infection^{35,48,66,77,78}

* Failing root canal treatment with retained periapical infection³⁵

* Trauma caused by removable dentures^2,35,38,77

* Implant placement, past or current^1,2,17,78: newly placed implants have a poor healing rate in patients receiving IV bisphosphonates and hence are contraindicated1. Previously placed implants may have a higher rate of failure. This warrants further study