Clinical characteristics of SLE patients with or without vascular calcification.
| Total CS > 0 (n = 32) | Total CS = 0 (n = 18) | p | Adjusted for Age and Sex | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p | ||||
| Female, % (n) | 86.9 (29) | 85.5 (17) | 1.0 | — | — |
| Age, years | 48.5 ± 9.6 | 40.7 ± 3.9 | 0.002 | — | — |
| Body-mass index, kg/m2 | 22.8 ± 4.0 | 21.9 ± 3.0 | 0.52 | 1.05 (0.87–1.27) | 0.62 |
| Disease duration, yrs | 15.1 ± 8.7 | 12.6 ± 6.6 | 0.34 | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | 0.88 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 121.1 ± 17.9 | 118.3 ± 13.3 | 0.85 | 0.99 (0.94–1.03) | 0.52 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 74.2 ± 8.5 | 77.7 ± 7.3 | 0.14 | 0.91 (0.83–1.01) | 0.06 |
| Hormone replacement therapy, % (n) | 25 (8) | 27.7 (5) | 1.0 | 0.85 (0.15–4.67) | 0.85 |
| Oral contraceptive, % (n) | 9.4 (3) | 11.1 (2) | 1.0 | — | — |
| Current smoker, % (n) | 6.3 (2) | 11.1 (2) | 0.61 | 1.81 (0.06–5.08) | 0.59 |
| Hypertension, % (n) | 21.9 (7) | 16.6 (3) | 0.73 | 5.26 (0.04–50) | *0.02 |
| Diabetes, % (n) | 6.3 (2) | 0 (0) | 0.53 | — | — |
| Hypercholesterolemia, % (n) | 12.5 (40 | 0 (0) | 0.28 | — | — |
| Cholesterol, mmol/l | 4.7 ± 1.2 | 4.8 ± 1.1 | 0.98 | 1.02 (0.59–1.76) | 0.95 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/l | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 0.68 | 1.12 (0.37–3.36) | 0.84 |
| High-density lipoprotein, mmol/l | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 0.22 | 1.77 (0.27–11.60) | 0.55 |
| Low-density lipoprotein, mmol/l | 2.5 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 1.0 | 0.54 | 0.76 (0.37–1.54) | 0.44 |
| Urea, mmol/l | 4.8 ± 1.3 | 5.0 ± 1.3 | 0.98 | 0.93 (0.50–1.73) | 0.83 |
| Creatinine, mmol/l | 67.3 ± 23.9 | 66.2 ± 15.0 | 0.55 | 1.10 (0.96–1.03) | 0.97 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dl | 0.61 ± 0.60 | 0.47 ± 0.35 | 0.21 | 2.56 (0.38–17.2) | 0.34 |
| Anti-dsDNA, IU/ml | 28.59 ± 48.64 | 8.33 ± 8.76 | *0.007 | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) | *0.03 |
| C3, mg/dl | 78.86 ± 24.83 | 86.81 ± 22.16 | 0.28 | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.58 |
| C4, mg/dl | 17.72 ± 7.41 | 16.84 ± 7.35 | 0.64 | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 0.88 |
| Current medications, % (n) | |||||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 46.9 (15) | 38.8 (7) | 0.77 | 2.07 (0.48–8.90) | 0.33 |
| Corticosteroid | 53.1 (17) | 61.1 (11) | 0.55 | 0.80 (0.20–3.27) | 0.76 |
| Azathioprine | 47.9 (15) | 16.7 (3) | 0.06 | 6.56 (1.25–34.34) | *0.03 |
| Cyclophosphamide | 0 (0) | 11.1 (2) | 0.12 | — | — |
| Mycophenonate mofetil | 9.4 (3) | 5.6 (1) | 1.0 | 2.50 (0.23–27.57) | 0.45 |
| Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug | 34.4 (11) | 27.8 (5) | 1.0 | 1.07 (0.24–4.79) | 0.92 |
| Previous medications, % (n) | |||||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 62.5 (20) | 50 (9) | 0.55 | 3.93 (0.78–19.7) | 0.10 |
| Corticosteroids | 65.6 (21) | 66.7 (12) | 1.00 | 1.18 (0.27–5.17) | 0.83 |
| Azathioprine | 50 (16) | 33.3 (6) | 0.38 | 2.99 (0.70–12.70) | 0.14 |
| Cyclophosphamide | 6.25 (2) | 11.1 (2) | 0.60 | — | — |
| Mycophenonate mofetil | 9.4 (3) | 5.6 (1) | 1.00 | 2.50 (0.23–27.57) | 0.45 |
| Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug | 43.8 (14) | 33.3 (6) | 0.76 | 1.36 (0.34–5.49) | 0.67 |
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
↵* p < 0.05.