Contextual (environmental or personal) factors of worker productivity loss or work disability that have supporting evidence in arthritis, have been discussed conceptually in the literature, or were identified at the OMERACT 10 Work Productivity Special Interest Group. Factors are mapped onto the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) coding system to access degree of compatibility in terms of classification. For the purpose of brevity, titles of the ICF categories were abbreviated (refer to the ICF handbook for full titles27).
| Category (no. factors) | Factor | Evidence in Arthritis | Discussed Conceptually in Literature or at OMERACT 10* | Fit with ICF?†† | ICF Code(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Environmental factors | |||||
| Accessibility (2) | Barriers to mobility (difficulty commuting) | 47,48,58,59 | 31,44* | CM | Products and technology (e120... for mobility and transportation, e150... of building for public use, e155... of buildings for private use) |
| Design of work environment | 44 | CM | Products and technology (e135... for employment) | ||
| Economic climate/labor regulations (2) | Employment and career opportunities | 52 | 31,44 | CO | Services, systems and policies (e590 Labor and employment, e5902 Labor and employment policies) |
| Labor and social regulations | 57 | CO | Services, systems and policies (e590 Labor and employment, e5902 Labor and employment policies) | ||
| Nature of work (9) | Demands (physical) | 47,49,52,60,61,62,63,64,65, 66,67,68,69,70 | 6,31 | CU | ND |
| Demands (work hours) | 46,58,71 | 28* | CU | ND | |
| Demands (workload) | 31* | CU | ND | ||
| Flexibility | 31 | CU | ND | ||
| Job autonomy | 59,61,62,72 | 6* | CU | ND | |
| Job sector/type | 47,73 | 6,44 | CU | ND | |
| Pacing of work | 47 | CU | ND | ||
| Self-employed | 47,48,58,59 | * | CO | Major life areas (d850 Remunerative employment) | |
| Work status (full vs part time) | * | CU | ND | ||
| Organizational policies & practices†(4) | Availability of replacement workers | 6 | CM | Services, systems and policies (e590 Labor and employment) | |
| Compensation of lost productivity for work absences | 6* | CU | ND | ||
| External time demands (to complete work) | 6 | CU | ND | ||
| Team dynamic | 6 | CM | Support and relationships (e325... peers, colleagues...) | ||
| Physical environment (3) | Sound | 28 | CO | Natural environment (e250 Sound) | |
| Temperature | 28,57 | CO | Natural environment (e225 Climate, e260 Air quality) | ||
| Weather | * | CO | Natural environment (e225 climate) | ||
| Work accommodations (4) | Adaptive devices and equipment | 28,44,57 | CO | Products and technology (e1351... for employment) | |
| Flexibility (work schedule) | * | CU | ND | ||
| Job accommodations (reduced hours, modified duties) | 48,72 | * | CU | ND | |
| Workstation modification | 48,52 | CO | Products and technology (e1351... for employment) | ||
| Workplace support (4) | Co-worker attitude | 31* | CO | Attitudes (e425...of peers, colleagues...) | |
| Employer attitude | 31* | CO | Attitudes (e430...of people in positions of authority) | ||
| Social (co-workers, employer) | 46,47,48,53,58,59 | 28* | CO | Support and relationships (e325...peers, colleagues...) | |
| Task support (co-workers) | 6* | CO | Support and relationships (e325... peers, colleagues...) | ||
| Non-workplace support (5) | Family/support at home | 75 | 31* | CO | Support and relationships (e310 Immediate family, e315 Extended family) |
| Social (friends) | 31 | CO | Support and relationships (e320 Friends) | ||
| Tasks assistance at home (family) | 28 | CO | Support and relationships (e340 Friends) | ||
| Tasks assistance at home (hired help) | 28 | CO | Support and relationships (e340...Personal care providers) | ||
| Tasks assistance at home (non-family) | 28 | CO | Support and relationships (e340...Personal care providers) | ||
| Personal factors | |||||
| Demographic attributes (3) | Age | 47,49,58,67,68,71,72,73,74,75,76,77 | 31 | CU | PF |
| Education | 66,72,73,74,75,76,75,78,79 | 31,44 | CU | PF | |
| Gender | 67,72,75,76,80 | 31,44 | CU | PF | |
| Economic need (4) | Financial incentive (personal economy) | 28,31 | CO | Products and technology (e165 Assets) | |
| Financial incentive (benefits) | * | CM | Products and technology (e165 Assets, e570 Social security...) | ||
| Financial incentive (pensions) | * | CO | Products and technology (e570 Social security...) | ||
| Financial incentive (salary) | 71 | 31 | CO | Products and technology (e165 Assets) | |
| Health (5) | Availability of medications | 79 | * | CO | Products and technology (e1101 Drugs) |
| Depression | 72,81 | CO | Specific mental functions (b152 Emotional functions) | ||
| Energy/fatigue | 53 | * | CO | Global mental functions (b1300 Energy level); Functions of cardiovascular and respiratory systems (b4552 Fatigability) | |
| Physical functioning | 47,52,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,68, 79,82,83,84,85 | 31 | CM | ND | |
| Self-perception (of health) | 31 | CU | PF | ||
| Personal appraisal (16) | Activity choices | 31 | CU | PF | |
| Attitudes | 31 | CU | PF | ||
| Career attainment | 31 | CU | PF | ||
| Coherence | 48 | CU | PF | ||
| Commitment to work | 31 | CU | PF | ||
| Cultural beliefs/expectations | 31 | CU | PF | ||
| Habits | 31 | CU | PF | ||
| Importance of work | 48 | CU | PF | ||
| Interests | 31 | CU | PF | ||
| Job satisfaction | 48 | 31* | CU | PF | |
| Motivation | 58 | 6* | CO | Global mental functions (b1301 Motivation) | |
| Personal incentives to work | * | CU | PF | ||
| Personality and identity | 31 | CU | PF | ||
| Prestige | 31 | CM | Attitudes (e460 Societal attitudes) | ||
| Values | 31 | CU | PF | ||
| Work choices | 31 | CU | PF | ||
| Related skills/abilities (4) | Coping skills | 52,86 | 31* | CU | PF |
| Self-efficacy | 48,53 | * | CU | PF | |
| Sensory skills | 31 | CO | Sensory functions and pain (b2) | ||
| Work experience and training | 52 | 31 | CU | ND | |
| Work-life balance (4) | Demands at home | 31 | CM | Domestic life (Acquisition of necessities, Household tasks, Caring for household objects...) Note: multiple codes available | |
| Demands of non-work activities | * | CM | Community, social and civic life (d910 Community life, d920 Recreation and leisure, d930 Religion and spirituality | ||
| Role (competing) | 46 | 31 | CM | ND | |
| Work/leisure balance | 31* | CU | ND | ||
| Other (1) | Disclosure | 48,52,53,87 | CU | ND |
# Health factors are considered as personal factors in the conceptual model by Sandqvist and Henriksson31, but not necessarily in the ICF27.
↵† Some factors associated with organization policies and practices may affect worker productivity primarily at the “workplace” level, rather than at the “individual” level.
↵†† Fit with ICF: consistent (CO), complex (CM), or code unavailable (CU). ND: not defined in the ICF (factor is either too specific or too broad); PF: personal factor (ICF classification codes unavailable).