RT Journal Article
SR Electronic
T1 Smoking and use of hair treatments in relation to risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus.
JF The Journal of Rheumatology
JO J Rheumatol
FD The Journal of Rheumatology
SP 2653
OP 2656
VO 28
IS 12
A1 G S Cooper
A1 M A Dooley
A1 E L Treadwell
A1 E W St Clair
A1 G S Gilkeson
YR 2001
UL http://www.jrheum.org/content/28/12/2653.abstract
AB OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between smoking and hair treatments (dyes, permanents) and risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: Patients (n = 265) diagnosed between January 1, 1995, and July 31, 1999, were recruited through 4 university based and 30 community based rheumatology practices in eastern North Carolina and South Carolina. Controls (n = 355) were identified through driver's license records and were frequency matched to patients by age, sex, and state. Data collection included a 60 min in-person interview. Analyses were limited to experiences that occurred before age at diagnosis (patients) or reference age (controls). Because the prevalence of use of hair treatments among men was very low, the analyses of those exposures were limited to women. RESULTS: There was no association with smoking history and risk of developing SLE when analyzed as status (current, former, or never-smoker) or measures of dose (duration or pack-years). Use of permanent hair dyes in women was associated with a small increased risk of developing SLE (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0, 2.2). This association increased with longer duration of use (compared with nonusers, OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.0, 2.7 for 6 or more years). There was little evidence of an association between SLE and use of temporary dyes or of permanents and straighteners. CONCLUSION: These results suggest at most a weak association between SLE risk and permanent hair dyes or smoking. Genetic variability in the metabolism of these products may be important to assess in future studies.