TY - JOUR T1 - Propensity Score Methods in Rare Disease: A Demonstration Using Observational Data in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus JF - The Journal of Rheumatology JO - J Rheumatol SP - 321 LP - 325 DO - 10.3899/jrheum.200254 VL - 48 IS - 3 AU - Ibrahim Almaghlouth AU - Eleanor Pullenayegum AU - Dafna D. Gladman AU - Murray B. Urowitz AU - Sindhu R. Johnson Y1 - 2021/03/01 UR - http://www.jrheum.org/content/48/3/321.abstract N2 - Observational studies allow researchers to understand the natural history of rheumatic conditions, risk factors for disease development, and factors affecting important disease-related outcomes, and to estimate treatment effect from real-world data. However, this design carries a risk of confounding bias. A propensity score (PS) is a balancing score that aims to minimize the difference between study groups and consequently potential confounding effects. The score can be applied in 1 of 4 methods in observational research: matching, stratification, adjustment, and inverse probability weighting. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rare disease characterized by a relatively small sample size and/or low event rates. In this article, we review the PS methods. We demonstrate application of the PS methods to achieve study group balance in a rare disease using an example of risk of infection in SLE patients with hypogammaglobulinemia. ER -