PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Ibrahim Almaghlouth
AU  - Eleanor Pullenayegum
AU  - Dafna D. Gladman
AU  - Murray B. Urowitz
AU  - Sindhu R. Johnson
TI  - Propensity Score Methods in Rare Disease: A Demonstration Using Observational Data in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
AID  - 10.3899/jrheum.200254
DP  - 2021 Mar 01
TA  - The Journal of Rheumatology
PG  - 321--325
VI  - 48
IP  - 3
4099  - http://www.jrheum.org/content/48/3/321.short
4100  - http://www.jrheum.org/content/48/3/321.full
SO  - J Rheumatol2021 Mar 01; 48
AB  - Observational studies allow researchers to understand the natural history of rheumatic conditions, risk factors for disease development, and factors affecting important disease-related outcomes, and to estimate treatment effect from real-world data. However, this design carries a risk of confounding bias. A propensity score (PS) is a balancing score that aims to minimize the difference between study groups and consequently potential confounding effects. The score can be applied in 1 of 4 methods in observational research: matching, stratification, adjustment, and inverse probability weighting. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rare disease characterized by a relatively small sample size and/or low event rates. In this article, we review the PS methods. We demonstrate application of the PS methods to achieve study group balance in a rare disease using an example of risk of infection in SLE patients with hypogammaglobulinemia.