Rethinking HLA-B27 Testing: What HLA-B27 Can—and Cannot—Tell Us

REFERENCES

1. 1.↵
   1. Brewerton DA,
   2. Hart FD,
   3. Nicholls A,
   4. Caffrey M,
   5. James DC,
   6. Sturrock RD.

   Ankylosing spondylitis and HL-A 27. Lancet 1973;1:904-7.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
2. 2.↵
   1. Breban M,
   2. Costantino F,
   3. André C,
   4. Chiocchia G,
   5. Garchon H-J.

   Revisiting MHC genes in spondyloarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2015;17:516.

   OpenUrlPubMed
3. 3.↵
   1. Rudwaleit M,
   2. van der Heijde D,
   3. Landewé R, et al

   . The development of Assessment of spondyloarthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (Part II): validation and final selection. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:777-83.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
4. 4.↵
   1. Rudwaleit M,
   2. van der Heijde D,
   3. Landewé R, et al

   . The Assessment of spondyloarthritis International Society classification criteria for peripheral spondyloarthritis and for spondyloarthritis in general. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:25-31.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
5. 5.↵
   1. Ziade N,
   2. Maroof A,
   3. Elzorkany B, et al

   . What is the best referral strategy for axial spondyloarthritis? A prospective multicenter study in patients with suspicious chronic low back pain. Joint Bone Spine 2023;90:105579.

   OpenUrlPubMed
6. 6.↵
   1. Deodhar A,
   2. Gill T,
   3. Magrey M.

   Human leukocyte antigen B27-negative axial spondyloarthritis: what do we know? ACR Open Rheumatol 2023;5:333-44.

   OpenUrlPubMed
7. 7.↵
   1. Navarro-Compán V,
   2. Sepriano A,
   3. Capelusnik D,
   4. Baraliakos X.

   Axial spondyloarthritis. Lancet 2025;405:159-72.

   OpenUrlPubMed
8. 8.↵
   1. Costantino F,
   2. Talpin A,
   3. Said-Nahal R, et al

   . Prevalence of spondyloarthritis in reference to HLA-B27 in the French population: results of the GAZEL cohort. Ann Rheum Dis 2015;74:689-93.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
9. 9.↵
   1. Khan MA.

   HLA-B27 and its subtypes in world populations. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1995;7:263-9.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
10. 10.↵
    1. Bakland G,
    2. Alsing R,
    3. Singh K,
    4. Nossent JC.

    Assessment of spondyloarthritis International Society criteria for axial spondyloarthritis in chronic back pain patients with a high prevalence of HLA-B27. Arthritis Care Res 2013;65:448-53.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
11. 11.↵
    1. Lim CSE,
    2. SenGupta R,
    3. Gaffney K.

    The clinical utility of human leucocyte antigen B27 in axial spondyloarthritis. Rheumatology 2018;57:959-68.

    OpenUrlPubMed
12. 12.↵
    1. Rudwaleit M,
    2. van der Heijde D,
    3. Khan MA,
    4. Braun J,
    5. Sieper J.

    How to diagnose axial spondyloarthritis early. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:535-43.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
13. 13.↵
    1. Bento da Silva A,
    2. Lourenço MH,
    3. Ramiro S, et al

    . Performance of clinical, laboratory and imaging features for diagnosing spondyloarthritis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology 2024;63:2923-37.

    OpenUrlPubMed
14. 14.↵
    1. McDermott GC,
    2. Choufani M,
    3. Monshizadeh A,
    4. Ermann J.

    HLA-B27 testing in clinical practice: a retrospective analysis of testing indications and rheumatology referral patterns. J Rheumatol 2025;52:1021-7

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
15. 15.↵
    1. Brewerton DA,
    2. Caffrey M,
    3. Nicholls A,
    4. Walters D,
    5. James DC.

    Acute anterior uveitis and HL-A 27. Lancet 1973;302:994-6.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
16. 16.↵
    1. van der Linden SM,
    2. Valkenburg HA,
    3. de Jongh BM,
    4. Cats A.

    The risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis in HLA-B27 positive individuals. A comparison of relatives of spondylitis patients with the general population. Arthritis Rheum 1984;27:241-9.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
17. 17.↵
    1. Peña JRA,
    2. Fung MK,
    3. Gandhi MJ.

    A review of laboratory practices using the HLA-B27 survey by the College of American Pathologists: how important is allele-level typing? Arch Pathol Lab Med 2024;148:149-54.

    OpenUrlPubMed
18. 18.↵
    1. Bonnaud G,
    2. Aupetit C,
    3. Preux PM,
    4. Cogné M,
    5. Drouet M.

    Optimisation of HLA-B27 testing by association of flow cytometry and DNA typing. Clin Rheumatol 1999;18:23-7.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed