Vasculitis as Temporally Associated With COVID-19 Infection or Vaccination: A Single-center Experience

Article Figures & Data

Table 1.

Characteristics of patients with vasculitis following COVID-19 infection or immunization.

No.	Age Range, yrs	Prior Rheumatic Disease	COVID-19	Vaccine	Interval^{^a}	Presentation	Investigation	Vessel Size	Diagnosis	Therapy	Outcome
1	60s	No	Yes^{^b}	No	2 weeks	Skin purpura, arthritis	Histology	Small	IgAV	GC	Recovery
2	80s	No	Yes^{^c}	No	6 weeks	Constitutional symptoms	Lung HRCT, anti-MPO+	Probably small	AAV	GC, CYC	Deceased
3	50s	SLE	Yes^{^c}	No	3 weeks	Systemic inflammatory response	CTA, PET/CT	Large^{^d}	LVV	GC, CYC	Recovery
4	60s	No	Yes^{^c}	No	3 weeks	Systemic inflammatory response	CTA, PET/CT	Large^{^e}	LVV	GC	Recovery
5	80s	No	Yes^{^c}	No	Concurrent	Limb gangrene, skin necroses	Histology	Medium and small	Necrotizing vasculitis	GC	Deceased
6	60s	No	Yes^{^c}	No	8 weeks	Paniculitis and skin necroses	Histology	Small	Necrotizing vasculitis	GC	Recovery
7	40s	No	Yes^{^c}	No	2 weeks	Skin purpura	Histology	Small	Skin vasculitis	Local GC	Recovery
8	80s	No	No	Pfizer-BioNTech	7 days	Myalgia	Histology	Small	Myositis, arteritis	GC	Recovery
9	40s	No	No	AstraZeneca	8 days	Skin purpura, arthritis	Histology	Small	IC vasculitis	NSAID	Recovery
10	70s	No	No	Pfizer-BioNTech	10 days	Constitutional symptoms	US	Large	GCA	GC	Recovery
11	60s	No	No	AstraZeneca	9 days	Skin purpura	Histology	Small	IC vasculitis	GC	Recovery
12	60s	No	No	Pfizer-BioNTech	16 days	Painful left TA	US	Large	Left TA vasculitis	GC	Recovery
13	20s	No	No	Moderna	8 days	Skin purpura	Histology	Small	IC vasculitis	Local GC	Recovery
14	70s	No	No	Pfizer-BioNTech	20 days	Headache, yaw claudication	US	Large	GCA	GC	Recovery
15	50s	No	Yes^{^c}	Pfizer-BioNTech	2 weeks^{^f}	Carotidinia (left side)	US, CTA	Large^{^g}	Carotid artery arteritis	GC	Recovery

↵^a From infection/vaccination to vasculitis.
↵^b Serological test.
↵^c PCR test.
↵^d Aorta, carotid, subclavian, axillary, brachial, mesenteric, iliac arteries.
↵^e Aorta, axillary, brachial iliac arteries.
↵^f From infection to vasculitis.
↵^g Segmental left carotid artery. anti-MPO: antimyeloperoxidase; AAV: antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; CTA: computed tomography arteriography; CYC: cyclophosphamide; GC: glucocorticoid; GCA: giant cell arteritis; HRCT: high resolution computer tomography; IC: immune complex; IgAV: IgA vasculitis; LVV: large vessel vasculitis; NSAID: nonsteroidal antirheumatic drug; PET/CT: positron emission tomography/computed tomography; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; TA: temporal artery; US: ultrasound.