Abstract
Objective To examine the efficacy and safety of pegloticase in combination with methotrexate (MTX) in patients with uncontrolled gout in an exploratory, open-label clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03635957) prior to a randomized, controlled trial.
Methods A multicenter, open-label efficacy and safety study of pegloticase with MTX co-treatment was conducted in patients with uncontrolled gout. Patients were administered oral MTX (15 mg/week) and folic acid (1 mg/day) 4 weeks prior to and throughout pegloticase treatment. The primary study outcome was the proportion of responders, defined as serum uric acid (sUA) < 6 mg/dL for ≥ 80% of the time during Month 6 (Weeks 20, 22, and 24). All analyses were performed on a modified intent-to-treat population, defined as patients who received ≥ 1 pegloticase infusion.
Results Seventeen patients were screened and 14 patients (all men, average age 49.3 ± 8.7 years) were enrolled. On Day 1, mean sUA was 9.2 ± 2.5 mg/dL, and 12 of the 14 patients had visible tophi. At the 6-month timepoint, 11/14 (78.6%, 95% CI 49.2–95.3%) met the responder definition, with 3 patients discontinuing after meeting protocol-defined treatment discontinuation rules (preinfusion sUA values > 6 mg/dL at 2 consecutive scheduled visits). All patients tolerated MTX. No new safety concerns were identified.
Conclusion In this study, an increased proportion of patients maintained therapeutic response at 6 months when treated concomitantly with MTX and pegloticase as compared to the previously reported 42% using pegloticase alone. These results support the need for a randomized study of MTX or placebo with pegloticase to validate these open-label findings.
Gout affects an estimated 9.2 million people (3.9% of adults) in the United States1 and occurs when serum uric acid (sUA) levels chronically remain above the solubility limit (6.8 mg/dL). Though typically thought of as an “articular disease,” monosodium urate crystals result in chronic inflammation throughout the body, even when patients are asymptomatic.2,3 Urate deposits and chronic inflammation may negatively affect soft tissues4 and other organs, as evidenced by associations between hyperuricemia and hypertension,5,6 cardiovascular (CV) disease,7,8,9,10,11 diabetes,5,12 kidney disease,13,14 and death.11,15,16 The American College of Rheumatology 202017 and the European League Against Rheumatism18 guidelines recommend maintaining sUA levels below 6 mg/dL. Unfortunately, urate-lowering therapies (ULTs) are often underutilized, and a small subset of patients with gout cannot tolerate or do not respond to them.19 Consequentially, sUA levels remain > 6 mg/dL and urate deposition continues,20 with an estimated 10% of patients developing chronic tophaceous gout.21 Patients with treatment-failure gout have a lower quality of life and significant disability, particularly with respect to physical functioning.22
Pegloticase (pegylated uricase) is a medication approved by the US Food and Drug Administration that is highly effective in lowering sUA by converting uric acid to allantoin, which is readily excreted by the kidneys. However, clinical studies have shown that only 42% of patients maintain sUA below 6.0 mg/dL over 6 months of pegloticase therapy, with 26% of patients having infusion-related reactions (IRs) in the absence of uric acid monitoring during treatment.23,24 Both loss of efficacy and IRs have been attributed to development of antidrug antibodies (ADAs) that accelerate pegloticase clearance.25,26,27 Because treatment options for patients with uncontrolled gout are limited, some physicians have coadministered immunomodulators with pegloticase in an effort to prevent ADA formation and increase the length of effective pegloticase therapy, similar to what is done in other rheumatic diseases treated with biologics.28,29 Case reports support the successful use of immunomodulators (methotrexate [MTX], azathioprine [AZA], leflunomide [LEF], and cyclosporine A [CSA]) with pegloticase.27,30–37 However, these studies are limited and examined different immunomodulatory agents with varying doses, schedules, and routes. In the current MTX/pegloticase case series, the proportion of responders (based on each study’s definition) was 100% (10/10 patients),33 100% (7/7 patients),30,34 and 80% (8/10 patients),35 all of which were higher than the 42% rate observed in clinical trials.23 Given the promising clinical case series with MTX, the current study prospectively examined the efficacy and safety of pegloticase-MTX cotherapy in subjects with uncontrolled gout.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This multicenter, open-label efficacy and safety study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03635957) was conducted at 6 sites in the US. The trial was reviewed and approved for all sites by the Western Institutional Review Board (Puyallup, Washington; approval number 20182156). All subjects provided written informed consent to participate in the trial, and all study conduct adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.
Study population. Men and women between 18 and 65 years of age with uncontrolled gout were considered for inclusion. Uncontrolled gout was defined as an sUA ≥ 6 mg/dL prior to beginning study treatment (pegloticase and MTX) and at least 1 of the following: inability to maintain sUA < 6 mg/dL on other urate-lowering therapies (ULT), intolerance to current ULT, or functionally limiting tophaceous deposits (detected clinically or with dual-energy computed tomography). Patients were excluded from participation if any of the following were true/present: serious acute bacterial infection (< 2 weeks prior), severe chronic/recurrent bacterial infection, immunocompromised status, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency (tested at screening), severe chronic renal impairment (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] < 25 mL/min/1.73 m2 or currently on dialysis), or current liver disease (alanine aminotransferase [ALT] or aspartate aminotransferase [AST] > 3 times upper limit of normal). See Supplementary Table 1 (available with the online version of this article) for the complete list of inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Study medications. All patients were to receive MTX and pegloticase. A study design schematic is shown in Figure 1. Briefly, subjects were screened for eligibility prior to beginning the 4-week MTX run-in period (Week –4 through Day 1), during which subjects received 15 mg/week of oral MTX and 1 mg/day oral folic acid. The MTX dose was chosen based on several factors. First, a trial examining MTX/adalimumab combination therapy for rheumatoid arthritis found that a dose of at least 10 mg/week was needed to maximize serum adalimumab concentrations.38 Second, an article reporting expert opinion, based on a systematic literature review and input from 751 rheumatologists in 17 countries, recommends a starting oral MTX dose of 10–15 mg/week.39 Third, rheumatologists consulted during trial design recommended a dose of 15 mg/week. Finally, the safety results from the Cardiovascular Inflammation Reduction Trial were reassuring with respect to an MTX dose of 15–20 mg/week in a population with similar comorbidities.40
Study schema showing the screening, run-in, and pegloticase/methotrexate cotreatment periods. 1 Protocol-defined treatment discontinuation rules applied (discontinue therapy if 2 consecutive sUA > 6 mg/dL beginning at Week 2). 2 Key efficacy assessments conducted during Months 3 (Weeks 10–14) and 6 (Weeks 20–24).
During the treatment period (maximum 52 weeks), patients continued weekly MTX and daily folic acid, and initiated pegloticase treatment (8 mg intravenous [IV] pegloticase every 2 weeks). Starting ≥ 1 week prior to Day 1, all patients were required to start gout flare prophylaxis regimen: colchicine and/or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and/or low-dose prednisone ≤ 10 mg/day (physician discretion on choice and dose of therapy). All patients continued flare prophylaxis for the greater of 6 months, 3 months after sUA was first < 6 mg/dL (nontophaceous patients), or 6 months after sUA was first < 5 mg/dL (tophaceous patients).41 Flares could be treated with NSAIDs, colchicine, corticosteroids, and intraarticular steroid injections as clinically indicated. Additionally, patients completed standard infusion reaction prophylaxis prior to each pegloticase infusion: oral fexofenadine (60 or 180 mg based on physician discretion) the day before and morning of, acetaminophen (paracetamol; 1000 mg) the morning of, and IV glucocorticoids (200 mg hydrocortisone or 125 mg methylprednisolone over 10–30 minutes) immediately prior to pegloticase infusion.
Pegloticase uric acid monitoring protocol24 was followed to minimize the occurrence of IRs. Briefly, patients who had an sUA level > 6 mg/dL at 2 consecutive study visits after Week 2 discontinued therapy.
Screening. Patients were consented and eligibility was confirmed. Demographic, medical/surgical history, and current medication/substance use information was collected. Patients underwent physical exam, and gout flares in the last 2 weeks were assessed. Blood and urine samples were collected for laboratory testing, which included sUA measurement, hematology, and clinical chemistry panels.
MTX run-in period. Patients initiated MTX within 2 weeks of screening. Immediately prior to MTX initiation (–4 weeks), patients underwent study eligibility reassessment, medical/surgical history update, and medication/substance use update. Physical, laboratory, and gout flare assessments were repeated. Adverse events (AEs) were assessed. Patients returned for a study visit 2 weeks later.
Pegloticase/MTX treatment period. All patients were to receive treatment with both pegloticase and MTX from Day 1 through the end of the treatment period (maximum of 52 weeks). Follow-up visits occurred every 2 weeks between Day 1 and Week 52. The full schedule of assessments is found in Supplementary Table 2 (available with the online version of this article). Briefly, general study visits and safety assessments included AE assessment, concomitant medication update, and physical examination. Blood and urine samples were collected, including a blood sample just prior to each pegloticase infusion for sUA measurement.
AEs were graded using established criteria for rheumatology clinical trials (1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe, 4 = life-threatening event).42 Gout flare determinations were made using a standardized definition (yes to 3 of 4): Had a gout flare occurred since the last visit; if yes to flare, was pain in joints different than normal, was pain at rest > 3 out of 10 (0 = no pain, 10 = worst pain imaginable), and had joint swelling occurred?43
Study endpoints. The primary endpoint was the proportion of pegloticase responders during Month 6 (Weeks 20, 22, and 24). Patients were considered responders if they had sustained normalization of sUA (< 6 mg/dL) for at least 80% of the time during Month 6.
Secondary endpoints included the proportion of pegloticase responders during Month 3 (Weeks 10, 12, and 14) and overall (during Months 3 and 6 combined). The proportion of patients who had an sUA of < 5 mg/dL during Months 3 and 6, and overall for at least 80% of the time was also examined. A patient was declared a nonresponder if they met protocol-defined treatment discontinuation rules or had missing sUA values at all planned evaluation timepoints during Month 3 or 6. The mean change in sUA from baseline was examined at Weeks 14 and 24. The change from baseline analysis was performed on observed data, with no imputation for missing data.
Safety and tolerability were examined using incidences of IRs, anaphylaxis, gout flare, CV events, and AEs.
Statistical methods. A sample size of 12–16 subjects was planned for this study. An exact test for proportions with a 5% type I error demonstrated that the primary efficacy endpoint would be statistically greater than 43.5% (proportion of responders during Month 6 in the phase III studies) if at least 10/13 subjects (77%) were responders. In that case, the lower limit of the 95% CI for the proportion of responders would be 46%.
This report describes the results of an analysis conducted after all enrolled subjects had been followed through Week 24. The primary and secondary endpoints are presented along with the 24-week safety findings. All efficacy and safety analyses were performed using the modified intent-to-treat (mITT) population, defined as all subjects who received at least 1 dose of pegloticase. Safety analyses were also performed using the ITT population, defined as all patients who received at least 1 dose of MTX, on data collected during the MTX run-in period.
RESULTS
A total of 17 patients were screened for study inclusion between September 26, 2018, and April 2, 2019, with 15 patients starting MTX treatment. Fourteen patients completed the MTX run-in period. One patient began MTX treatment but was lost to follow-up after Week –2; this patient is included in the ITT population but not the mITT population. Fourteen patients received at least 1 dose of pegloticase and constituted the mITT population. Eleven patients completed 24 weeks of pegloticase + MTX treatment.
In the mITT population, all patients were male with an average age of 49.3 ± 8.7 years. Most patients were White and had visible tophi at the time of enrollment (Table 1). Mean baseline sUA value obtained prior to the first pegloticase infusion was 9.2 ± 2.5 mg/dL. Mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at Week –4 in the mITT population was 84.6 ± 21.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 (range 44–126). Six patients had an eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2, 6 patients had stage 2 CKD, 1 patient had stage 3A CKD, and 1 patient had stage 3B CKD.
Baseline characteristics for the modified intent-to-treat (mITT) population.
Patients were administered a mean total MTX dosage of 64.4 ± 7.7 mg (range 60–75) during the MTX run-in period; no patients had a dosage reduction from the planned 15 mg/week. An average of 10 pegloticase infusions (range 2–12) were administered over the first 24 weeks of pegloticase + MTX treatment, and 11 patients (78.6%) completed all 12 scheduled pegloticase infusions. During this treatment period, the mean weekly dose of MTX was 14.7 ± 1.1 mg/week. All 14 patients in the mITT population were initially administered hydrocortisone for preinfusion prophylaxis (2 patients received only 100 mg for the first 3 and 6 infusions). Two patients were switched to methylprednisolone (prior to infusion 8 and 10).
Study outcomes. A complete list of efficacy outcomes is provided in Table 2. Briefly, 11 of 14 patients (78.6%, 95% CI 49.2–95.3%) in the mITT population met the primary endpoint. Three patients who were not considered responders stopped treatment after meeting pegloticase discontinuation criteria. Loss of response happened relatively early, with 1 patient discontinuing after 2 infusions and 1 patient after 3 infusions. The third patient discontinued treatment after 5 infusions.
Primary and secondary endpoints.
The proportion of responders during Month 3 and overall (Months 3 and 6 combined) was also 78.6% (95% CI 49.2–95.3%). With a stricter sUA response criteria of < 5 mg/dL for at least 80% of the time during Month 3, Month 6, and overall, the proportion of responders remained at 78.6% for all 3 time periods (Table 2). Mean sUA rapidly decreased after the first pegloticase infusion and remained low through Week 24 (Figure 2A). The sUA change from baseline was –9.0 ± 2.8 mg/dL at both Week 14 and 24 (n = 11). Prior to pegloticase/MTX co-therapy, the 14 patients had 6.4 ± 7.9 joints affected by tophi (median 4, range 0–31), and the mean number of joints affected by tophi at their last assessment was 2.6 ± 3.5 (median 1, range 0–12).
(A) Preinfusion serum uric acid levels during pegloticase + MTX treatment period. (B) Liver function test results through Week 24. Error bars represent standard error. ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; MTX: methotrexate; ULN: upper limit of normal.
Safety. Ten of 15 patients (66.7%) in the ITT population who were administered MTX during the run-in period experienced 1 or more AEs (Table 3). The most commonly observed AEs during the run-in period were gout flare, nausea, and abdominal discomfort. During the co-treatment period, all patients experienced 1 or more AEs. The most commonly observed AEs were gout flare (12 patients [85.7%]), diarrhea (3 patients [21.4%]), and upper respiratory tract infection (3 patients [21.4%]).
Adverse events (AEs) observed during the MTX run-in and pegloticase + MTX treatment periods.
AEs of special interest included IR, anaphylaxis, CV events, and gout flare (Table 4). An IR in 1 patient was reported by an investigator. The event was described as a mild cough (approximately 1 hour in duration) that occurred during the fifth pegloticase infusion. The sUA was not elevated (1.0 mg/dL 2 days prior to infusion 5), and the patient completed the 24-week treatment period as a responder. Because sUA levels remained very low and there were no typical signs of an IR (e.g., hives, itchiness, shortness of breath, sweating, fever/chills), the study sponsor did not consider the event to be an IR. Anaphylaxis was not observed in any patient. Gout flares occurred in 12 patients (85.7%) during the co-treatment period and, with the exception of 2 severe flares (grade 3), all were mild to moderate in intensity (grade 1–2, Rheumatology Common Toxicity Criteria v.2.042). Less than one-third of flares required glucocorticoid treatment. Twelve patients (85.7%) experienced a mean of 4.3 ± 2.2 flares (range 1–8) during the first 12 weeks of pegloticase therapy (Table 4). During Weeks 12 to 24, five of the 11 patients (45.5%) who remained on therapy experienced a mean of 3.0 ± 2.6 flares (range: 1–7; Table 4). In the 11 patients who completed 24 weeks of therapy, 75% of flares occurred in the first 12 weeks.
Adverse events of special interest.
No patient experienced a major adverse CV event (includes nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, CV death, and congestive heart failure) and no deaths occurred. One case of bacterial sepsis secondary to cholecystitis occurred (investigator deemed this unrelated to trial medications) and was classified as a serious AE.
In the run-in period, there was an initial relatively minor and not unexpected increase in liver function tests followed by stabilization (Figure 2B). Prior to the first MTX dose, 3 of 14 patients had an ALT above the upper limit of normal (ULN), and 2 of 14 patients had an AST above the ULN. During the treatment period, 7 patients had ALT levels above the ULN (all with 2 or more values ≥ ULN), and 7 patients had an AST above the ULN (6 with 2 or more values ≥ ULN) at any time postbaseline.
Two patients had an MTX dose reduction during the co-treatment period. One was inadvertent (took 12.5 mg instead of 15 mg on 2 occasions). One patient had a reduction to 10 mg/week in response to AEs (leukopenia [2.5 × 109/L], neutropenia [1.0 × 109/L], elevated ALT [90 U/L]). These AEs resolved; however, the patient continued at the lower dose.
Thirteen of 14 patients (92.9%) maintained or had an improvement in CKD status. One patient went from CKD stage 2 to 3A with an eGFR of 61 mL/min/1.73 m2 at screening, 76 mL/min/1.73 m2 at the start of MTX, and 58 mL/min/1.73 m2 at study conclusion.
DISCUSSION
All biologic medications can engender ADAs in patients that receive them.44 The degree of ADA response varies according to the biologic therapy administered.44 MTX or azathioprine use in patients receiving biologics has been shown to minimize the development of ADAs across a wide variety of disease states. In autoimmune conditions, if disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are ineffective, a biologic can be initiated with the DMARD continuing in combination. The absence of ADAs to biologics correlates with longer therapy duration, better efficacy response, and fewer AEs, including IRs.29,45,46
Pegloticase has well-established efficacy, but duration of response is limited in some patients due to the development of ADAs that primarily bind to the molecule’s polyethylene glycol components.23,26 The presence of ADAs has been shown to coincide with increasing sUA levels in patients on therapy. Elevated sUA, therefore, serves as a biomarker for loss of therapeutic efficacy and an increased risk of IRs.24,25 Since immunomodulating therapies are not part of standard gout care, unlike other biologics, pegloticase has been used historically as monotherapy.47
In an effort to help more patients with uncontrolled gout complete a full course of therapy, some clinicians have administered immunomodulation co-treatment with pegloticase. The most studied agent has been MTX, but AZA, LEF, and CSA have also shown improved pegloticase response rates30,33,34,35,36,37 compared to the 42% observed in phase III clinical trials.23 Botson and Peterson33 showed a 100% response rate in 10 patients cotreated with oral MTX; Albert, et al35 showed an 80% response rate in 10 patients co-treated with oral or subcutaneous MTX; and Bessen, et al30,34 showed a 100% response rate in 7 patients cotreated with MTX. Two additional cases reported successful pegloticase therapy with other immunomodulators (1 case of AZA use,34 1 case of chronic mycophenolate mofetil and CSA use in a heart transplant patient31), highlighting the potential of immunomodulation to increase the pegloticase responder rate.
This prospective, open-label clinical trial sought to evaluate the ability of MTX given concomitantly with pegloticase to enhance the response rate seen with pegloticase alone. All included patients were treated with oral MTX and folic acid for 4 weeks prior to and throughout pegloticase therapy. With this protocol, 11 of 14 uncontrolled gout patients (78.6%) were responders to pegloticase during Month 6. Three patients had a loss of pegloticase response during the study, as indicated by persistently elevated sUA, and therapy was discontinued.
The most common AE observed was gout flares (85.7% of patients). This flare occurrence was similar to the 76% rate observed in phase III trials.23 In the current trial, 75% of flares were observed in the first 3 months of pegloticase therapy, with a reduction in flares observed beyond the first 3 months of treatment. One serious AE of bacterial sepsis occurred; it resolved, and the site investigator determined it unrelated to the study drug. Other AEs occurring in > 1 patient included diarrhea, respiratory tract infection, sinusitis, muscle strain, and hypertension. Patients experiencing diarrhea were also receiving colchicine at the time of the AE.
All patients tolerated MTX coadministered with pegloticase, and no new safety concerns with combined therapy were identified. Given that pegloticase has not been found to have drug interactions with any other medical therapy, this was not surprising. The effects of MTX on pegloticase pharmacokinetics (PK) and immunogenicity were evaluated using PK measures (including pegloticase serum concentration) and ADA levels, respectively. These analyses are ongoing and will be an important piece to understand the mechanisms by which MTX is beneficial in those undergoing pegloticase therapy. The clinical findings stand on their own and will not be changed by the full knowledge of PK and immunogenicity data. Given the dramatic departure in response rates from the original phase III program without MTX, we felt it prudent to report the study’s primary efficacy outcome along with the safety findings now.
This study had several limitations, including its small sample size, open-label design, and lack of a comparator group. However, this small uncontrolled study does demonstrate that a higher percentage of patients treated with MTX plus pegloticase achieved sustained sUA levels < 6 mg/dL than the previously found 42% of patients treated with pegloticase alone. These results inform the need to test pegloticase plus MTX vs pegloticase plus placebo in a controlled trial. Such a trial would also confirm that the responder rate increase resulted from MTX use and that these findings were not confounded by other factors, including differences in steroid prophylactic agents (methylprednisolone vs hydrocortisone48). Therefore, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled (pegloticase with placebo) efficacy and safety study is currently ongoing (MIRROR RCT, ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03994731) to address these limitations.
In conclusion, pegloticase is indicated for chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional therapy. The ability of pegloticase to dramatically lower sUA and ultimately overall urate burden, in those patients who have no other options, creates a unique, singular opportunity for treatment that is only limited by the treatment response rate. Paramount is any mechanism that can improve the pegloticase response rate and provide an opportunity to further fulfill the unmet need. In the current study, the markedly increased pegloticase response rate observed with immunomodulation agrees and substantiates those found in previously reported case series from community-based practices. These results inform the planned randomized, controlled study of MTX vs placebo with pegloticase to validate the findings observed here.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We acknowledge the following employees of Horizon Therapeutics: Lissa Padnick-Silver, PhD and Megan Francis-Sedlak, PhD, for writing and editorial assistance; and Lin Zhao, PhD, and Colleen Canavan, MS, for trial support.
Footnotes
Full Release Article. For details see Reprints and Permissions at jrheum.org.
This work was supported by Horizon Therapeutics.
JKB has received research support from Horizon Therapeutics and Radius Health as a study site and principal investigator. He has received consulting/speaker fees > $10k from Horizon Therapeutics, Celgene, Novartis, and AbbVie. JRT has received research grants/support from Horizon. HMK has received research support from Horizon Therapeutics as a study site and principal investigator, and has served as a speaker. PMP, KO, and BL are employees of and own stock in Horizon Therapeutics. MEW has received grants from Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Crescendo Bioscience, Lilly, and Sanofi; has received consulting fees > $10k from Bristol Myers Squibb, Corona, and Lilly and < 10k from AbbVie, Amgen, Arena, GlaxoSmithKline, Gilead Sciences, Horizon Therapeutics, Lycera, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Samsung, Scipher Medicine, and Set Point; and has stock options in Lycera, Can-Fite BioPharma, Scipher Medicine, Inmedix, and Vorso. JP has received research support from Horizon Therapeutics (study site/investigator), and has also served as an advisor and speaker for Horizon Therapeutics. RB has no financial relationships that pose a potential conflict of interest.
- Accepted for publication September 11, 2020.
This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
REFERENCES
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