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Tables
- Table 1.
Clinical and laboratory features of cytokine storm syndrome reported in COVID-19 patients and their relationship to cytokine storm syndrome criteria.
HLH-04 Criteria9 HScore8 Ferritin:ESR Ratio7 COVID-19 Features3,4,5,24,25 Fever Fever Yes Splenomegaly Splenomegaly Unknown Hepatomegaly Unknown Anemia Anemia Yes Thrombocytopenia Thrombocytopenia Yes Neutropenia Neutropenia Yes Hypertriglyceridemia Hypertriglyceridemia Unknown Hypofibrinogenemia Hypofibrinogenemia Yes Hemophagocytosis Hemophagocytosis Unknown Low NK cell activity Unknown Hyperferritinemia Hyperferritinemia Hyperferritinemia Yes Elevated soluble CD25 Elevated soluble CD25 Yes Elevated serum GGT Unknown, but AST and ALT elevated Underlying immunosuppression Some with HIV infection Falling ESR Unknown COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; HLH: hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; NK: natural killer; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase.
- Table 2.
Targeted approaches to blocking inflammatory cytokines in cytokine storm syndrome.
Inflammatory Cytokine Therapeutic Reference IL-1 Anakinra 11 IL-6 Tocilizumab 16 IL-18 Tadekinig alpha 26 IFN-γ Emapalumab 27 IL-6, IFN-γ, others Ruxolitinib 28 TNF Infliximab 29 IL: interleukin; IFN: interferon; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.
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