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Characteristic All Participants, n = 252 Participants*, n = 130 p** Age, yrs 62.2 ± 8.3 62.5 ± 8.1 0.54 Female, n (%) 199 (79) 111 (85.4) 0.01 Body mass index, kg/m2 28.7 ± 6.1 29.0 ± 6.3 0.34 Index hip right, n (%) 143 (56.7) 72 (55.4) 0.65 Race, n (%) White 242 (96) 123 (95) 0.53 Others 10 (4) 7 (5) Education, n (%) Less than high school 37 (14.7) 21 (16.2) 0.61 Completed high school 58 (23) 27 (20.7) Higher than high school 157 (62.3) 82 (63.1) Occupational physical workload level, n (%) Sedentary (mostly sitting) 111 (44) 52 (40) 0.12 Standing occupation, physically light 90 (35.7) 51 (39.2) Manual work 47 (18.7) 24 (18.5) Heavy manual work 4 (1.6) 3 (2.3) Baseline pain level (0–10) Mildest 2.3 ± 1.9 2.5 ± 2.1 0.02 Worst 7.6 ± 1.9 8.0 ± 1.8 0.02 Night pain level (0–4) 1.8 ± 1.0 1.9 ± 1.0 0.03 Hip injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Pain 55.5 ± 17.3 52.0 ± 18.0 0.001 Symptoms 53.0 ± 19.4 50.5 ± 20.4 0.03 Activities of daily living 59.4 ± 21.7 54.7 ± 21.9 < 0.001 Sports/recreation 36.5 ± 27.1 32.7 ± 26.6 0.02 Quality of life 41.5 ± 19.6 38.1 ± 20.7 0.004 International Physical Activity Questionnaire score (range 1–3); median (IQR) 3 (2) 3 (2) 0.53 - Table 2.
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and global fatigue index (GFI) scores and subscales, and sleep disturbance components from the PSQI (130 participants).
Scoring (range)* Median (IQR) Global PSQI score (0–21) 8 (7); mean 8.3 ± 4.7 Sleep duration (0–3) 0 (1) Sleep disturbance (0–3) 2 (1) Sleep latency (0–3) 1 (1) Daytime dysfunction (0–3) 1 (2) Sleep efficiency (0–3) 1 (3) Sleep quality (0–3) 1 (1) Sleep medication (0–3) 0 (1) GFI score (1–51) 19 (21.2); mean 18.6 ± 12.7 Fatigue degree (1–10) 6 (3) Fatigue severity (1–10) 5 (4) Distress (1–10) 3 (4) Impact on daily living (0–10) 1.7 (2.3) Frequency (1–4) 3 (2) ↵* For a range of 0–3 in PSQI subscales, 0 = better, 3 = worse; for GFI score, higher score represents greater fatigue severity. Fatigue degree and effect on daily living have anchors of “Not at all” (1 or 0) to “A great deal” (10); fatigue severity has anchors of “Mild” (1) to “Severe” (10); and distress has anchors of “No distress” (1) to “A great deal of distress” (10). Frequency ranged from “Hardly any days” (1) to “Every day” (4). IQR: interquartile range.
- Table 3.
Univariate association of sleep quality, sleep duration, and fatigue and hip pain exacerbation (130 participants). Three separate models were used to test the association using conditional logistic regression (univariable and multivariable).
Independent Variables Case Periods (%) Control Periods (%) OR (95% CI) p Sleep quality* Good 91 (31) 276 (34) 1.0 (reference) Poor 205 (69) 532 (66) 1.72 (1.04–2.86) 0.036 Sleep duration**, hrs ≥ 6 195 (66) 653 (81) 1.0 (reference) < 6 101 (34) 155 (19) 1.40 (0.78–2.51) 0.254 Fatigue*** No 125 (42) 446 (55) 1.0 (reference) Yes 173 (58) 361 (45) 1.92 (1.21–3.05) 0.006 ↵* Association of sleep quality and pain exacerbation. A global Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score ≤ 5 indicates good sleep quality, and > 5 indicates poor sleep quality. Two case periods were lost during followup.
↵** Association of sleep duration and pain exacerbation.
↵*** Association of fatigue and pain exacerbation. A cutoff score of 21 on the global fatigue index was used to detect significant fatigue. One control period was lost during followup.
- Table 4.
Multivariable association of sleep quality and fatigue and hip pain exacerbations in 1 model.
Independent Variables OR (95% CI)* p Sleep quality Good 1.0 (reference) Poor 2.71 (1.42–5.16) 0.003 Fatigue No 1.0 (reference) Yes 2.55 (1.41–4.63) 0.002 ↵* Adjusted for physical activity level and night pain level and the interaction term included.
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