Article Figures & Data
- Figure 1.
Predictors of remission in the GLADEL cohort. A. Presence of mucocutaneous involvement. B. Presence of hematologic involvement. C. Presence of renal involvement. D. Use of immunosuppressive drugs. E. SLEDAI at baseline (categorized). SLEDAI: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index.
- Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in this study.
Characteristic Overall, n = 902 Sociodemographic Sex Male 93 (10.3) Female 809 (89.7) Age at diagnosis, yrs 26, 20–36 Age at first symptom, yrs 25, 19–34 Age at entry, yrs 27, 20–36 Race or ethnic group White 368 (40.9) Mestizo 378 (42.0) African Latin American 121 (13.5) Other 32 (3.6) Socioeconomic status High/middle high 81 (9.0) Middle 253 (28.1) Middle low/low 565 (62.8) Residence Urban 817 (91.1) Rural 80 (8.9) Medical coverage None 135 (15.0) Partial 227 (25.3) Full 536 (59.7) Education, yrs 0–7 264 (30.5) 8–12 400 (46.2) ≥ 13 202 (23.3) Disease duration at entry, mos Entered at diagnosis 545 (60.4) Up to 6 132 (14.6) 6 to 12 101 (11.2) 13 to 24 124 (13.7) Clinical characteristics at entry General manifestations 652 (72.3) Musculoskeletal 813 (90.1) Mucocutaneous 800 (88.7) Ocular 82 (9.1) Lung 40 (4.4) Cardiovascular 298 (33.0) Renal 398 (44.1) Neurological 181 (20.1) Hematological 609 (67.5) Immunological 583/725 (80.4) Treatments at entry Antimalarials 279 (30.9) Prednisone (higher dose before baseline) None 427 (47.3) Low (≤ 7.5 mg/day) 16 (1.8) Medium (> 7.5 ≤ 15 mg/day) 83 (9.2) High (> 15 < 60 mg/day) 256 (28.4) Very high (≥ 60 mg/day) 120 (13.3) Immunosuppressive drugs 166 (18.4) Disease status (SLEDAI) at entry 10, 6–16 Data are n (%) or median, 25th–75th percentiles. SLEDAI: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index.
Characteristic Remission During Followup Yes (n = 196), n (%) or median (25th–75th percentiles) No (n = 706), n (%) or median (25th–75th percentiles) p Sociodemographic Sex 0.4454 Male 18 (9.2) 75 (10.6) Female 178 (90.8) 631 (89.4) Age at diagnosis, yrs 28, 21–39 26, 20–35 0.0809 Age at first symptom, yrs 27, 19–37 25, 19–34 0.1806 Age at entry, yrs 28, 21–40 26, 20–35 0.0644 Race or ethnic group 0.9977 White 86 (43.9) 282 (40.1) Mestizo 80 (40.8) 298 (42.4) African Latin American 25 (12.8) 96 (13.7) Other 5 (2.6) 27 (3.8) Socioeconomic status 0.0030 High/middle high 27 (13.9) 54 (7.7) Middle 63 (32.5) 190 (27.0) Middle low/low 104 (53.6) 461 (65.4) Residence 0.0605 Urban 185 (94.9) 632 (90.0) Rural 10 (5.1) 70 (10.0) Medical coverage 0.0676 None 17 (8.7) 118 (16.8) Partial 55 (28.2) 172 (24.5) Full 123 (63.1) 413 (58.7) Education, yrs 0.0095 0–7 50 (25.9) 214 (31.8) 8–12 87 (45.1) 313 (46.5) ≥ 13 56 (29.0) 146 (21.7) Disease duration at entry, mos 0.1454 Entered at diagnosis 107 (54.6) 438 (62.0) Up to 6 24 (12.2) 108 (15.3) 6 to 12 26 (13.3) 75 (10.6) 13 to 24 39 (19.9) 85 (12.0) Clinical characteristics at entry General manifestations 135 (68.9) 517 (73.2) 0.0742 Musculoskeletal 183 (93.4) 630 (89.2) 0.5158 Mucocutaneous 165 (84.2) 635 (89.9) 0.0490 Ocular 21 (10.7) 61 (8.6) 0.6735 Lung 7 (3.6) 33 (4.7) 0.3088 Cardiovascular 60 (30.6) 238 (33.7) 0.5569 Renal 68 (34.7) 330 (46.7) 0.0085 Neurological 35 (17.9) 146 (20.7) 0.4796 Hematological 122 (62.2) 487 (69.0) 0.0655 Immunological 123/157 (78.3) 460/568 (81.0) 0.3216 Treatments at entry Antimalarials 69 (35.2) 210 (29.7) 0.3478 Prednisone (higher dose before baseline) 0.1604 None 86 (43.9) 341 (48.3) Low (≤ 7.5 mg/day) 5 (2.6) 11 (1.6) Medium (> 7.5 ≤ 15 mg/day) 21 (10.7) 62 (8.8) High (> 15 < 60 mg/day) 50 (25.5) 206 (29.2) Very high (≥ 60 mg/day) 34 (17.3) 86 (12.2) Immunosuppressive drugs 46 (23.5) 120 (17.0) 0.1139 Disease status (SLEDAI) at entry 8, 5–13 10, 6–17 0.0002 Data are n (%) or median, 25th–75th percentiles. SLEDAI: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index.
- Table 3.
Variables associated with low disease activity state (LDAS) by univariable analyses.
Characteristic LDAS During Followup Yes (n = 314), n (%) or median (25th–75th percentiles) No (n = 588), n (%) or median (25th–75th percentiles) p Sociodemographic Sex 0.4250 Male 30 (9.6) 63 (10.7) Female 284 (90.4) 525 (89.3) Age at diagnosis, yrs 28, 21–39 25, 19–34 0.0024 Age at first symptom, yrs 27, 19–37 24, 18–33 0.0095 Age at entry, yrs 28, 21–39 26, 20–34 0.0020 Ethnic group 0.8450 White 141 (44.9) 227 (38.8) Mestizo 129 (41.1) 249 (42.6) African Latin American 37 (11.8) 84 (14.4) Other 7 (2.2) 25 (4.3) Socioeconomic status 0.0099 High/middle high 39 (12.5) 42 (7.1) Middle 97 (31.2) 156 (26.5) Middle low/low 175 (56.3) 390 (66.3) Residence 0.1767 Urban 291 (93.0) 526 (90.1) Rural 22 (7.0) 58 (9.9) Medical coverage 0.3530 None 36 (11.5) 99 (16.9) Partial 83 (26.5) 144 (24.6) Full 194 (62.0) 342 (58.5) Education, yrs 0.0073 0–7 86 (27.9) 178 (31.9) 8–12 134 (43.5) 266 (47.7) ≥ 13 88 (28.6) 114 (20.4) Disease duration at entry, mos 0.4751 Entered at diagnosis 178 (56.7) 367 (62.4) Up to 6 47 (15.0) 85 (14.5) 6 to 12 38 (12.1) 63 (10.7) 13 to 24 51 (16.2) 73 (12.4) Clinical characteristics at entry General manifestations 216 (68.8) 436 (74.1) 0.0065 Musculoskeletal 294 (93.6) 519 (88.3) 0.2147 Mucocutaneous 269 (85.7) 531 (90.3) 0.0365 Ocular 35 (11.1) 47 (8.0) 0.2817 Lung 10 (3.2) 30 (5.1) 0.0611 Cardiovascular 89 (28.3) 209 (35.5) 0.0682 Renal 108 (34.4) 290 (49.3) 0.0003 Neurological 56 (17.8) 125 (21.3) 0.4050 Hematological 204 (65.0) 405 (68.9) 0.2707 Immunological 197/251 (78.5) 386/474 (81.4) 0.2052 Treatments at entry Antimalarials 108 (34.4) 171 (29.1) 0.2091 Prednisone (higher dose before baseline) 0.0252 None 139 (44.3) 288 (49.0) Low (≤ 7.5 mg/day) 7 (2.2) 9 (1.5) Medium (> 7.5 ≤ 15 mg/day) 40 (12.7) 43 (7.3) High (> 15 < 60 mg/day) 84 (26.8) 172 (29.3) Very high (≥ 60 mg/day) 44 (14.0) 76 (12.9) Immunosuppressive drugs 65 (20.7) 101 (17.2) 0.3585 Disease status (SLEDAI) at entry 8, 5–13 11, 6–17 < 0.0001 Data are n (%) or median, 25th–75th percentiles. SLEDAI: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index.
Predictor HR (95% CI) p Medical coverage None 0.628 (0.375–1.052) 0.0774 Partial 1.257 (0.908–1.740) 0.1675 Full Ref Absence of mucocutaneous manifestations* 1.571 (1.064–2.320) 0.0230 Absence of renal involvement* 1.487 (1.067–2.073) 0.0191 Absence of hematologic involvement* 1.354 (1.005–1.825) 0.0463 Immunosuppressive drug use 1.468 (1.025–2.105) 0.0364 SLEDAI at entry, per 1-unit decrease 1.028 (1.006–1.051) 0.0112 ↵* Before or at cohort entry. SLEDAI: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index.
Predictor HR (95% CI) p Age at cohort entry, per 5-yr increase 1.050 (1.004–1.098) 0.0341 Absence of mucocutaneous manifestations* 1.401 (1.016–1.930) 0.0394 Absence of renal involvement* 1.344 (1.049–1.721) 0.0194 SLEDAI at cohort entry, per 1-unit decrease 1.025 (1.009–1.042) 0.0027 ↵* Before or at cohort entry. SLEDAI: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index.
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Predictors of Remission and Low Disease Activity State in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Data from a Multiethnic, Multinational Latin American Cohort
