Abstract
Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of sex on response to treatment and disease remission in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA).
Methods. In this retrospective multicenter study, patients with axSpA, according to the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis international Society (ASAS) criteria for axSpA, and treated with adalimumab, etanercept, golimumab, or infliximab, were studied. We compared clinical characteristics, patient-reported outcomes, disease activity, function, and response to treatment in male and female patients with this disease.
Results. Three hundred forty patients with axSpA (270 with ankylosing spondylitis, 19 with psoriatic arthritis with axial involvement, and 51 with nonradiographic axSpA) were studied. Male subjects had a significantly higher prevalence of grade IV sacroiliitis, higher levels of serum C-reactive protein, lower Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Enthesitis Score, and fatigue when compared with females. Further, Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the rate of partial remission, ASAS40 response, and Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) major improvement, but not ASDAS inactive disease, were significantly lower in female patients.
Conclusion. Our data suggest that female sex was associated with a lower rate of response to treatment and of disease remission in patients with axSpA treated with antitumor necrosis factor-α drugs.
Spondyloarthritis (SpA) includes a group of chronic inflammatory diseases that affect both the axial and peripheral skeleton. The Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) validated classification criteria for axial SpA (axSpA)1 include both nonradiographic axSpA (nr-axSpA) and radiographic axSpA or ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Patients with nr-axSpA and AS have comparable, but not identical clinical manifestations and burden of disease: studies show2 that patients with nr-axSpA have lower presence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions, lower prevalence of HLA-B27, and lower levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) compared to patients with AS. Moreover, prevalence of female sex seems to be higher in patients with nr-axSpA. Therefore, some authors argue that nr-axSpA could configure not only the preradiographic stage of AS, but a different disease even within the same umbrella of SpA2. Finally, no differences were found in response to treatment among AS and nr-axSpA in clinical trials and real-life experiences3,4,5. Beyond these differences, in patients with axSpA, growing evidence suggests a different burden of disease and response to treatment between the sexes6,7,8,9. Despite different studies that focused their attention on the differences between males and females in SpA10 (i.e., disease activity, functional impairment), to the best of our knowledge, few studies have investigated the possibility of different responses to treatment and different rates of remission among women and men. Because of the availability of effective treatment strategies that can induce a low disease state or remission in patients with axSpA regardless of sex, it would be crucial to know any potential factors that may improve the management of these patients, in the context of a “personalized medicine.” The aim of our present study was to assess the possible differences in response to treatment and in disease remission in a group of male and female patients with axSpA.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study design
This was a retrospective study conducted in 6 Italian tertiary referral rheumatology centers involved in clinical research and management of axSpA. In our clinical practice, data of patients with axSpA taking biologics were regularly collected at each visit. Patients provided their written consent according to the Declaration of Helsinki to use their data. Ethics approval was not required for this study in accordance with the policy of our institution (Università degli Studi del Molise).
Patient selection
The data were analyzed of patients with axSpA who fulfilled the ASAS criteria for axSpA and were treated with a first antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) drug such as adalimumab (ADA), etanercept (ETN), infliximab (IFX), and golimumab (GOL) between June 2004 and May 2015 and with a followup of at least 12 months. At baseline (prior to starting anti-TNF) and at each followup visit, demographic, disease activity, laboratory, and radiographic features were collected.
Therapy
Anti-TNF-α drugs were given following the standard administration rules. More precisely, ADA dose was 40 mg every other week subcutaneously, ETN 25 mg twice/weekly or 50 mg/weekly subcutaneously, and IFX 3–5 mg/kg at weeks 0, 2, and 6, then every 6–8 weeks, intravenously. The treating physician, however, could increase or decrease doses or change schedule when warranted. GOL doses were 50 mg or 100 mg monthly subcutaneously for patients with weight of < 100 kg or ≥ 100 kg, respectively.
Data collection
Patient data were collected at baseline and at the followup visits, which were usually performed every 3–4 months. The general data included age, sex, diagnosis [nr-axSpA, psoriatic arthritis (PsA) with axial involvement fulfilling the ASAS criteria, and AS], disease duration, presence of extraarticular manifestations (i.e., uveitis, inflammatory bowel diseases, psoriasis), and current comorbidities. The disease data encompassed the Bath AS Metrology Index (BASMI)11, Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI)12, Bath AS Functional Index (BASFI)13, Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS)14, patient’s global disease activity on a 0–100 mm visual analog scale (VAS), physician’s global disease activity on a 0–100 mm VAS, number of swollen (out of 66) and tender (out of 68) joints, presence of dactylitis and enthesitis [assessed with the Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Enthesitis Score (MASES)], degree of radiographic sacroiliitis according to the New York criteria15, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm/h), and CRP (mg/dl).
The discontinuation reasons were classified as inefficacy, adverse events, or other reasons. Details were also recorded of past (before anti-TNF-α therapy) and current antirheumatic treatments, such as synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, corticosteroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or analgesics.
Definition of response to treatment and remission
Response to treatment was assessed at followup visits using the ASAS 40% response criteria and ASDAS-CRP major improvement (ASDAS MI)16,17. Improvement of ≥ 2 from baseline in the ASDAS-CRP identified the ASDAS MI. Remission was defined using the ASAS partial remission (PR) criteria and with the ASDAS-CRP inactive disease (ASDAS ID). An ASDAS score < 1.3 defined the inactive disease16,17. The ASDAS was calculated using an online calculator (www.asas-group.org). To perform our analysis, we used the data of patients when they reached PR, ASAS40, ASDAS ID, and ASDAS MI. For patients who never achieved the target, data of the latest followup were used.
Statistical analysis
After testing for normal distribution of data, descriptive results were reported as mean (SD) or median [interquartile range (IQR)] values for continuous variables, or number (percentages) for categorical ones.
For continuous variables, the significance of the differences between male and female patients was determined using the Student’s t test for unpaired data for variables normally distributed and the Mann–Whitney U test for unpaired samples for non-normally distributed variables. Categorical variables were compared by the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test.
The probability of achieving response to treatment or remission in male or in female patients was analyzed using both univariate and multivariate analysis (logistic regression analysis).
Kaplan-Meier (KM) curves were plotted to determine the rates of PR, ASAS40, ASDAS MI, and ASDAS ID during treatment with ADA, ETN, IFX, or GOL. In KM curves calculation, we entered time until the subject was “censored” or the “event” occurred. The differences between curves were determined by the log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. All the statistical tests were 2-sided at the 5% level and performed using SPSS software (version 17.0; SPSS Inc.).
RESULTS
From June 2004 to May 2015, 340 patients with axSpA were treated with first-line IFX, ADA, GOL, and ETN (270 with AS, 19 PsA with axial involvement, and 51 with nr-axSpA). The male:female ratio was 236:104. Mean (SD) age was 43.2 years (12.7), and median (IQR) disease duration was 7 years (3–14). Table 1 shows the demographic, clinical, and laboratory features of this group of patients. Overall rate of drug discontinuation during followup was 8.2% owing to lack of efficacy, loss of efficacy, and other reasons (data not shown). In our group of patients with SpA, male subjects had a significantly higher prevalence of grade IV sacroiliitis, higher levels of serum CRP, lower VAS fatigue score, and lower MASES score when compared with female subjects. Disease activity indices (BASDAI and ASDAS-CRP) and functional domains (BASFI, Health Assessment Questionnaire) were not statistically different between the 2 groups at baseline. Analysis of differences between female and male in the reasons for discontinuation of the treatment showed no significant differences. Extraarticular manifestations as well as the presence of smoking habit, obesity, and comorbidities were not different between the 2 sexes. Further, KM survival curves showed that the rates of PR, ASAS40 response, and ASDAS MI, but not ASDAS ID during treatment with anti-TNF were significantly lower in women (Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, and Figure 4, Appendix 1). Table 2 shows the probability (OR, 95% CI) of achieving response to treatment or disease remission in male and in female patients. Men had a 2-fold increase in probability to achieve PR compared to women.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves for partial remission (PR) during treatment with biologic agents in male and female patients with axial spondyloarthritis.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves for Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) inactive disease (ID) during treatment with biologic agents in male and female patients with axial spondyloarthritis.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves for Assessment of Spondyloarthritis international Society guidelines (ASAS40) response during treatment with biologic agents in male and female patients with axial spondyloarthritis.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves for Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) major improvement (MI) during treatment with biologic agents in male and female patients with axial spondyloarthritis.
Demographic, clinical, and radiographic characteristics of male and female patients with axSpA. Data are median (IQR) unless otherwise indicated.
OR (95% CI) for achieving PR, ASDAS ID, ASAS40, and ASDAS MI in male patients vs female patients with axSpA.
Finally, the strength of agreement between PR and ASDAS ID was fair: Cohen’s κ = 0.23, showing that the 2 measures might assess remission in different ways.
DISCUSSION
The introduction and use of anti-TNF therapies for the treatment of several rheumatic diseases has been one of the most important therapeutic innovations in rheumatology in the past 20 years. These drugs proved to be effective in the treatment of axSpA in clinical trials and real-life experiences18,19,20,21. With the availability of effective drugs, research interests have focused on potential clinical variables and biomarkers able to identify the best responders to these drugs.
The issue of the patient’s sex has become clear in rheumatoid arthritis, where several studies provided evidence that men respond better to treatment than women22,23. There is an ongoing debate in the fields of axSpA regarding the different disease expression in relation to sex. The differences could be due to sex (i.e., genetic, hormonal, other phenotypic differences) or gender, which comprises culture-related differences in physical activity, diagnosis, environmental influences, infections, smoking, and other factors, or a combination of both. Data provided from clinical studies revealed that regarding overall radiographic severity, women with AS tend to have less radiographic spinal damage compared to men24,25.
In axSpA as a group, a recent study of a cohort with early disease9 showed that women had higher disease activity when measured with BASDAI and higher levels of fatigue and functional scores, despite having less radiographic sacroiliitis and MRI inflammation of sacroiliac joints and spine than men. However, when measured with the ASDAS-CRP, disease activity was not different between men and women. These differences were more defined in the patients with axSpA classified according to the clinical arm of the ASAS criteria9, while in the patients with imaging-positive axSpA, disease activity and functional scores did not differ between women and men, except for fatigue and for the Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life questionnaire (ASQoL). A more recent study involving patients with SpA showed that, overall, male patients were significantly younger, had longer diagnostic delay, lower disease activity (BASDAI), and better quality of life (ASQoL), but worse spinal mobility (BASMI) and higher radiologic score (BASRI) than female patients. In contrast, the presence of dactylitis and enthesitis, as well as the number of swollen joints, were significantly higher among women6. Similar data were observed in 1514 patients from the Spanish SpA Registry (REGISPONSER)8, as well as in a study conducted in the United Kingdom26.
The differences in the MASES score seen in our study and the overall higher scores in disease activity, pain, and quality of life demonstrated by other studies might be due to the presence of fibromyalgia (FM), which may be a confounding factor, especially in women with axSpA5. The clinical features of FM and axSpA, such as fatigue, enthesitis, tender points, and intensity of axial and peripheral pain, could overlap. Further, in women, FM is frequently associated with AS27. These findings raise the question of whether patients, in particular women, classified as having axSpA by the clinical arm of ASAS criteria, might be misclassified. Debate continues over whether the ASAS classification criteria should be modified to increase their specificity28, even if the positive predictive value of the criteria to predict the expert’s diagnosis of SpA after more than 4 years has been found to be excellent29.
Our study also revealed differences in treatment response and remission rates between men and women in patients with axSpA treated with biologics. There are a few reports that address this topic. Gremese, et al30 demonstrated that female sex was associated with a lower rate of response (assessed by BASDAI50) in patients with axSpA who were treated with anti-TNF drugs. In particular, female sex was an independent predictor of a failure to obtain a BASDAI50 response at the 12th month of therapy, with an OR of 3.23 (95% CI 1.52–7.14)30. Other studies confirmed that women have a lower response to anti-TNF compared to men and have a higher risk of discontinuation of TNF blockers31,32. Another study in patients with AS showed that female sex was a negative predictor of response to IFX, along with use of steroids, persistently high inflammatory levels, and BASFI and BASDAI indices31. In a metaanalysis, data suggested that male sex together with young age, high BASDAI, low BASFI, high CRP, and HLA-B27 are factors linked to better response to anti-TNF in SpA33.
In our retrospective study, we confirmed these data and showed that even the probability of achieving remission is lower in female patients (Table 2). However, the probability is significantly lower in female patients only when remission was assessed with the PR criteria, while it was not significantly different when remission was defined using the ASDAS ID criteria. Why was the probability of achieving PR different between men and women while the probability of achieving ASDAS ID was not, and further, why were there sex differences in ASDAS MI and not in ASDAS ID? One may think that the question is related to the different methods in the assessment of disease activity, but these results need further confirmation. One of the reasons could be that the ASDAS MI measures a difference (Δ) in disease activity, showing an ability to detect the sensitivity to change, while ASDAS ID is a “picture” of disease status. However, given this methodological explanation, it is very difficult to find a reason for this difference obtained when analyzed by sex. In our study, the presence of obesity and extraarticular manifestations did not have a role in achieving remission between the sexes. However, even if some cardiovascular comorbidities such as aortic involvement in SpA34 or atherosclerosis are quite common35, to our knowledge no data on comorbidities assessed by sex have been previously described.
Further longitudinal studies are required to assess the genetic background of sex differences in disease expression, especially in multiethnic cohorts. In fact, in our study > 95% of patients were white, and confounding factors such as ethnicity should be taken into account. Other limitations of our study were the retrospective design and the lack of MRI assessment in all of the patients. However, while MRI assessment is important to define the diagnosis of nr-axSpA, it is not part of routine assessment in our outpatient clinics for patients with AS. Despite these limitations, our study provided data from a large cohort of patients with axSpA and showed that male and female patients affected by axSpA had different responses to anti-TNF therapy.
APPENDIX 1.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves for partial remission (PR) during treatment with biologic agents in male and female patients with nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis (n = 51).
Footnotes
Dr. Ignazio Olivieri died July 28, 2017.
Supported by the Gruppo di Studio Spondiloartriti e Artropatia Psoriasica — Antonio Spadaro. All authors are members of this group.
- Accepted for publication September 12, 2017.
REFERENCES
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