Research ArticleOsteoarthritis

Associations Between Knee Effusion-synovitis and Joint Structural Changes in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis

Xia Wang, Xingzhong Jin, Leigh Blizzard, Benny Antony, Weiyu Han, Zhaohua Zhu, Flavia Cicuttini, Anita E. Wluka, Tania Winzenberg, Graeme Jones and Changhai Ding
The Journal of Rheumatology November 2017, 44 (11) 1644-1651; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.161596

Abstract

Objective. To describe the associations between effusion-synovitis and joint structural abnormalities in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) over 24 months.

Methods. A posthoc analysis using data from a randomized controlled trial in 413 patients with symptomatic OA (aged 63 ± 7 yrs, 208 women). Knee effusion-synovitis volume and score, cartilage defects, cartilage volume, and bone marrow lesions (BML) were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. Joint space narrowing (JSN) and osteophytes were assessed using radiograph. Least significant change criterion was used to define change in effusion-synovitis volume. Knee symptoms were assessed by Western Ontario and McMaster University OA Index. Multivariable linear/logistic regression and multilevel generalized mixed-effects models were used in longitudinal analyses.

Results. Total effusion-synovitis volume increased modestly from baseline (8.0 ± 8.5 ml) to followup (9.0 ± 10.5 ml). Baseline BML, cartilage defect, JSN, and osteophyte scores were positively associated with change in effusion-synovitis volume (p < 0.05). Baseline cartilage defects and JSN were also associated with change in effusion-synovitis score (p < 0.05). However, neither baseline effusion-synovitis score nor volume consistently predicted change in the above structures except cartilage volume. In the mixed-effects models, knee effusion-synovitis was positively associated with BML (volume: β = 1.19 ml/grade; score: OR = 1.75/grade) and cartilage defects (volume: β = 1.87 ml/grade; score: OR = 2.22/grade), while negatively associated with cartilage volume loss. Change in effusion-synovitis volume was positively correlated with changes in knee pain and stiffness scores (p < 0.05).

Conclusion. Knee cartilage and subchondral bone abnormalities predicted change in effusion-synovitis, but effusion-synovitis did not predict knee structural changes. These findings suggest that synovial inflammation is likely the result of joint structural abnormalities in established OA. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01176344. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12610000495022.

Key Indexing Terms:

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of disabling arthritis among older people, leading to a tremendous individual and socioeconomic burden1. As a multifactorial disease, OA affects all joint structures including cartilage, subchondral bone, and synovium membrane2,3,4. Although the exact etiology of OA is still unclear, risk factors such as age, female sex, obesity, and injury have been identified as contributors to both onset and progression of OA5. Formerly considered a noninflammatory disease, it is now increasingly recognized that low-grade inflammation is involved in OA pathogenesis6.

There is emerging evidence linking synovial inflammation and early OA7,8,9. Synovial activation (effusion and/or synovitis) has been suggested to be associated with OA outcomes such as radiographic alterations and total knee replacement10,11. It can also predict knee symptoms independent of other structural lesions12,13. Biologically, cartilage fragments could activate synovial abnormalities, and thus form a vicious, self-perpetuating cycle of local tissue lesions, inflammation, and repair14.

Using non-contrast–enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a combined assessment of synovial effusion and synovitis has been proposed, termed as “effusion-synovitis”15. We have validated an effusion-synovitis scoring system16,17 based on the well-established whole-organ MRI score (WORMS) knee OA scoring system18. In an older population in which the majority had no or mild radiographic OA (ROA) but the vast majority had cartilage defects, we reported that baseline effusion-synovitis assessed in this way was independently associated with changes in knee cartilage defects and bone marrow lesions (BML)16,19, but baseline knee cartilage defects and BML were not predictive of change in effusionsynovitis19. This suggests a possible causal relationship from effusion-synovitis to cartilage and bone structural changes, but not from structural changes to effusion-synovitis in early stages of knee OA. Because effusion-synovitis is observed throughout the entire course of OA9, it is of interest to further investigate its involvement in more advanced stages of OA. To our knowledge, there is no clinical evidence regarding this in patients with established knee OA. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the associations between effusion-synovitis and joint structural abnormalities in patients with symptomatic knee OA over 24 months.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study design, setting, and participants

The Vitamin D Effect on Osteoarthritis (VIDEO) study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of patients with symptomatic knee OA and low vitamin D levels20. Our current analysis of data was from the VIDEO study, in which the study sample was analyzed as a cohort.

Participants were recruited in Tasmania and Victoria, Australia, using a combined strategy, including liaisons with general practitioners, specialist rheumatologists, and orthopedic surgeons, and advertising through media and community groups from August 2010 to December 2011. A telephone prescreen assessed knee pain, anticipated knee and hip surgery, participation in other studies, and comorbidities. Eligible participants were subsequently screened in a clinic visit including knee radiographs and a blood test for serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) level.

Eligible participants were aged between 50 to 79 years with symptomatic knee OA for at least 6 months and pain of at least 20 mm on a 100-mm visual analog scale. All individuals were assessed according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria for symptomatic knee OA21. Participants were excluded if they had grade 3 knee ROA according to the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) atlas22, contraindication to MRI, and other rheumatic diseases. Detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria have been given in the initial report20. Ethics approval was received from the Tasmania Health and Human Medical Research Ethics Committee (reference number H1040) and Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee (reference number CF10/1182-2010000616). Informed written consent was obtained from all participants.

MRI and image processing

High-resolution non-contrast–enhanced knee MRI acquisitions were obtained at baseline and 24 months on a 1.5T whole-body MRI unit (Picker) using a commercial transmit-receive extremity coil. Image sequences included the following: (1) T1-weighted sagittal fat-suppressed 3-D gradient-recalled acquisition in the steady state, flip angle 30°, repetition time 31 ms, echo time 6.71 ms, field of view (FOV) 16 cm, 60 partitions, 512 × 512–pixel matrix, acquisition time 5 min 58 s, 1 acquisition; slice thickness of 1.5 mm without a between-slice gap; and (2) T2-weighted sagittal fat-suppressed fast spin echo (FSE), flip angle 90º, repetition time 3067 ms, echo time 112 ms, FOV 16 cm, 45 slices, 228 × 256-pixel matrix, slice thickness of 2 mm; or proton density-weighted coronal fat-suppressed FSE, flip angle 90°, repetition time 3400 ms, echo time 64 ms, FOV 16 cm, 30 slices, 256 × 256-pixel matrix, acquisition time 5 min 26 sec, 1 acquisition, slice thickness of 3 mm.

Effusion-synovitis volume

The total volume of the joint was isolated by selecting regions of interest according to the intraarticular fluid-equivalent signal on a section-by-section basis (Figure 1A). The final 3-D volume rendering was generated using commercial in-house OsiriX Lite imaging software cursors (32-bit version 5.9, Pixmeo SARL; Figure 1B)23. A musculoskeletal researcher with 3 years of experience (XW) and an orthopedic clinician with 7 years of experience (WH) measured the volume of effusion-synovitis under the guidance of an experienced radiologist with > 20 years of experience. The serial MRI were measured in pairs by 2 independent readers who were blinded to the treatment allocation and patients’ information. The 2 readers assessed 40 randomly selected images with at least a 4-week interval between readings. The intrarater reliability [expressed as intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)] was 0.96–0.97 and interrater reliability was 0.93–0.99 in different subregions.

Figure 1.
Figure 1.

Magnetic resonance images acquired from the knee, with superimposed color data showing the area of fluid-equivalent hyposignals. (A) Representative sagittal image examples were selected from the consecutive slices. The total volume was generated from the highlighted areas (suprapatellar pouch and other cavity) in the entire series of images using OsiriX software. (B) An example of 3-D reconstruction of segmented suprapatellar pouch effusion-synovitis.

Change in effusion-synovitis volume was calculated as from baseline to Month 24. A least significant change (LSC) criterion was used to define an increase and no increase (stable or a decrease) in effusion-synovitis volume. This takes into account measurement error and the correlation between the baseline and followup measurements24. The formula was as follows (σ = the standard error of the mean; ρ = the serial correlation): Embedded Image For example, LSC of total effusion-synovitis volume was calculated to be 1.81 ml (where σ = 1.17 and ρ = 0.69) in our study. Therefore, participants were categorized as having an increase in effusion-synovitis volume if the change in effusion-synovitis volume was ≥ +1.81 ml, and having no increase effusion-synovitis if the change was < +1.81 ml25.

Effusion-synovitis score

Effusion-synovitis was scored according to a modified WORMS method, grading collectively from 0 to 3 based on the estimated maximal distension of the synovial cavity: grade 0 = normal, grade 1 = ≤ 33% of maximum potential distension, grade 2 = 33–66% of maximum potential distension, and grade 3 = ≥ 66% of maximum potential distension18. The interrater reliability was 0.63–0.75 and intrareader reliability was 0.60–0.75 (weighted κ) in different subregions as described previously16.

Change in effusion-synovitis score was calculated as the score at Month 24 minus score at baseline.

Cartilage volume

Baseline and followup knee cartilage volume (medial tibial, lateral tibial, and patellar) was assessed on T1-weighted MRI, determined by image processing on an independent workstation using OsiriX software26. The volumes of individual cartilage plates were isolated from the total volume by manually drawing disarticulation contours around the cartilage boundaries on a section-by-section basis. These data were then resampled by means of bilinear and cubic interpolation (area of 312 μm × 312 μm with 1.5-mm thickness, continuous sections) for the final 3-D rendering. The rate of change in cartilage volume was calculated as follows: Embedded Image The coefficients of variation (CV) for this method were 2.1–2.6% as described in our previous study27.

Cartilage defect

Cartilage defects were graded using a modified Outerbridge classification28 at medial tibial, medial femoral, lateral tibial, and lateral femoral sites: grade 0 = normal cartilage, grade 1 = focal blistering and intracartilaginous hyperintensity with a normal contour, grade 2 = irregularities on the surface and loss of thickness of < 50%, grade 3 = deep ulceration with loss of thickness of > 50% without exposure of subchondral bone, and grade 4 = full thickness chondral wear with exposure of subchondral bone. A highest score of all sites was chosen as the total score of the whole joint, ranging from 0 to 4. A change in the cartilage defect score was calculated by subtracting baseline score from followup score. Intraobserver reliability was 0.77–0.94 (expressed as ICC) at different sites. Interobserver reliability was assessed in 50 MR images and yielded ICC of 0.85–0.93 at different sites26.

Bone marrow lesion

Subchondral BML were defined as discrete areas of increased signal adjacent to the subcortical bone. The areas were measured semiquantitatively using the modified WORMS method18. BML were scored from 0 to 3 based on the extent of subregional involvement: grade 0 = none, grade 1 = ≤ 25% of the subregion, grade 2 = 25–50%, and grade 3 = > 50%. A highest score of all sites was chosen as the total score of the whole joint, ranging from 0 to 3. A change in BML was calculated. The intraobserver repeatability was assessed in 50 participants with ICC from 0.89–1.00 at different sites29.

Knee radiographic measurements

Knee radiographic abnormalities were assessed at baseline only by a standing semiflexed anterior-posterior radiograph using the OARSI atlas as previously described22,30. Each of the following was assessed from 0–3: medial JSN, lateral JSN, medial femoral osteophytes, medial tibial osteophytes, lateral femoral osteophytes, and lateral tibial osteophytes. A highest score of all sites was chosen as the total score of the whole joint, ranging from 0 to 3. Scores for each participant were determined by consensus of 2 readers. Intraobserver repeatability was assessed in 40 participants with ICC from 0.65 to 0.85 as previously reported31.

Knee symptoms

Knee symptoms were assessed from baseline to Month 24 using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities OA Index (WOMAC) score32. The WOMAC system quantifies the degree of pain (5 questions), functional impairment (17 questions), and stiffness (2 questions) in patients with OA. Each question was assessed in a 100-mm visual analog format and a total score was created.

Additional data

Height and weight were measured at the baseline and followup clinic visits. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using weight (in kg) divided by square of height (in m2).

Serum (25(OH)D) was assayed at baseline and followup by Liaison method using a direct competitive chemiluminescent immunoassays (DiaSorin Inc). The intraassay and interassay CV were 3.2% and 6.0%.

Statistical analysis

Baseline characteristics were compared between 2 groups with the use of Student t tests or chi-square tests. Multivariable logistic regressions (binary and ordinal as appropriate) were performed using generalized linear models to test the associations between independent variables and dependent variables after adjustments for age, sex, BMI, study site, and intervention. The proportional odds assumption was tested for the ordered logistic regressions.

Associations between effusion-synovitis and structural outcomes over study period were estimated using multilevel generalized mixed-effects linear or ordinal logistic regression models, which allow for more appropriate adjustments for repeated measures and protection against bias for missing data33. Mixed-effects models imply that there are “fixed” effects as well as “random” effects. In longitudinal analyses, we used random intercepts for individual participants and fixed effects of age, sex, BMI, study site, and intervention. Both unadjusted and adjusted associations between effusion-synovitis and structural measures were expressed as maximum-likelihood estimated slope coefficients.

All the data analysis was performed on Stata V13.0 (Stata Corp). A 2-sided p value of 0.05 indicated statistical significance.

RESULTS

Participants

In total, 413 patients (257 from Hobart and 152 from Melbourne) aged between 49 and 80 years (mean 63 ± 7 yrs) with equal sex proportion participated in our study. Four patients were excluded because their MRI measures were unavailable at baseline. Over 24 months, 340 patients (83%) completed the followup as described elsewhere20. There were no significant demographic differences between those who completed and those who were lost to followup (data not shown).

Table 1 shows the comparisons of baseline characteristics between participants who had an increase and no increase (stable and decrease) in effusion-synovitis volume (defined by the LSC). The prevalence of an increase and no increase in effusion-synovitis was 32% and 68%, respectively. An increase in effusion-synovitis volume was lower in women and participants randomized to vitamin D supplementation. Participants with increased effusion-synovitis volume had higher prevalence of BML, but lower knee pain score. There were no other significant differences between groups in age, BMI, knee injury, and cartilage morphology.

View this table:
Table 1.

Participant characteristics at baseline. Student t test or chi-square test was used for the comparison. Values are % (n) unless otherwise specified.

Quantitative and semiquantitative measures of effusion-synovitis

At baseline, the mean size of effusion-synovitis was 8.0 ± 8.5 ml, ranging from 0.2 ml to 59.1 ml. Over 24 months of followup, the mean size of effusion-synovitis changed to 9.0 ml (SD 10.5 ml).

The prevalence of effusion-synovitis at baseline was 48% (score ≥ 2). At 24 months, the prevalence of effusion-synovitis was 51%. Twenty-three percent of participants had an increase (change in score ≥ 1) and 17% had a reduction (change in score ≤ −1) in grade of effusion-synovitis over 24 months.

Associations between effusion-synovitis and knee structures

Baseline tibiofemoral BML, cartilage defects, osteophytes, and JSN were all positively associated with the increase in effusion-synovitis volume, after adjustments for age, sex, BMI, study site, and intervention (Table 2). No significant associations were found between baseline cartilage volume and increases in effusion-synovitis volume (Table 2). When the change in effusion-synovitis score was used as the outcome, only baseline total cartilage defects and total and tibiofemoral JSN were significantly associated with this outcome (Table 2).

View this table:
Table 2.

Associations between baseline knee structural abnormalities and change in effusion-synovitis over 24 months. Dependent variable: an increase in effusion-synovitis over 24 months. Independent variable: baseline knee structures.

Conversely, baseline effusion-synovitis volume was not associated with changes in other structures including cartilage defects, cartilage volume, and BML. Baseline effusion-synovitis score was negatively associated with the change in tibial cartilage volume, but not with changes in cartilage defects and BML in multivariable analyses (Table 3).

View this table:
Table 3.

Associations between baseline effusion-synovitis and change in knee structural abnormalities. Dependent variable: change in knee structures over 24 months. Independent variable: baseline effusion-synovitis.

Using mixed-effects models, effusion-synovitis volume was positively associated with total and tibiofemoral cartilage defects and BML over 24 months, and negatively associated with the change in total and tibial cartilage volume after adjustments (Table 4). The associations between effusion-synovitis score and above structural changes were largely consistent with the results for effusion-synovitis volume (Table 4).

View this table:
Table 4.

Longitudinal associations between effusion-synovitis and other structural abnormalities over 24 months. Dependent variable: effusion-synovitis at baseline and Month 24. Independent variable: knee structures at baseline and Month 24. Generalized mixed-effects linear regression models were used in all analyses, after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, site, and intervention.

Associations between effusion-synovitis and knee symptoms

Table 5 shows the longitudinal associations between change in effusion-synovitis volume and change in WOMAC score over 24 months after adjustment. Change in effusion-synovitis volume was positively associated with changes in WOMAC pain and stiffness scores. There were no significant associations between baseline effusion-synovitis score and changes in knee symptoms (data not shown).

View this table:
Table 5.

Associations between change in WOMAC scores and change in effusion-synovitis volume. Generalized linear regression models were used, after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, site, and intervention. Values are β (95% CI).

DISCUSSION

Our study described the dynamic changes in effusion-synovitis over 24 months in patients with symptomatic knee OA. We found that baseline JSN, osteophytes, cartilage defects, and BML were associated with change in effusionsynovitis, but baseline effusion-synovitis was not significantly associated with cartilage and bone structural changes except tibial cartilage volume. Further, changes in knee OA outcomes, including cartilage defects, cartilage volume, BML, and knee symptoms were all significantly associated with change in effusion-synovitis over 24 months. These suggest that cartilage and bone structural abnormalities may be the cause of effusion-synovitis in patients with established knee OA. Effusion-synovitis might not play a major role in the progression of structural changes in knee OA while possibly coexisting with this pathology.

The exact pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to synovial inflammation in OA are not well understood. There is a possible link between activated synovial inflammation and the degradation of adjacent structures. Cartilage matrix fragments, which are released into the joint fluids, could be detected as foreign bodies or neo-antigens by the synovium. They may trigger a secondary immune response and inflammatory reaction in OA34,35. There is no longitudinal evidence suggesting that subchondral bone lesions can lead to synovial inflammation in knee OA. In this OA population, we found that baseline structural changes including JSN, osteophytes, cartilage defects, and BML were all positively associated with changes in effusion-synovitis, suggesting that cartilage breakdown and erosive subchondral bone could induce and exacerbate synovial inflammation in established albeit mild knee OA.

In our previous study, we examined synovial abnormalities in an elderly population largely with asymptomatic or early OA, and found that baseline effusion-synovitis was associated with cartilage defects and BML over 2.6 years16. In our current study, we found that baseline effusion-synovitis was not associated with structural deterioration. The major difference between the populations of our 2 studies is that there was more severe chondropathy and more subchondral bone erosions in the VIDEO study where participants had symptomatic knee OA (cartilage defects 98%; cartilage volume 5.7 ± 1.7 ml; BML 79%) than in the previous older adult cohort (cartilage defects 53%; cartilage volume 8.3 ± 2.0 ml; BML 36%). However, the longitudinal changes in those structures were largely comparable in both cohorts. For example, an increase in BML is 32% versus 24% in older adults36 and an increase in cartilage defects is 49% in the current study compared to 33%37. Thus, the high baseline prevalence of these abnormalities will not result in negative findings in the VIDEO cohort. To get unbiased results from the longitudinal data, we applied mixed-effects models where subject-specific random effects were used to tie together the observations from the same subject. The mixed-effects model automatically computes correct standard errors for random and fixed effects. It not only allows unbalance or missing observations within subjects, but also unequal time intervals and various within-subject covariance factors, such as demographic characteristics33. Considering our previous findings that effusion-synovitis was indirectly associated with worsening in BML and cartilage abnormalities in early OA16, our current findings suggested that there might be complex mutual effects involved in these structural abnormalities during different stages of disease progression.

Interestingly, the associations between effusion-synovitis and structural abnormalities were consistent in the tibiofemoral compartment, but not in the patellar compartment. This was consistent with a study that reported that synovitis or effusion was associated with an increased risk for focal cartilage loss in the tibiofemoral compartment, but not in the patellofemoral compartment7. The underlying mechanisms are unclear, but mechanical and constitutional factors may contribute to this site-specific variation38. With regard to the anatomic distribution, the suprapatellar pouch of the knee joint is the most common site for detecting abnormal synovial alterations39. Although we did not find that suprapatellar effusion-synovitis had site-specific associations with patellar cartilage or patellar subchondral bone lesions, it is possible that the dynamic inflammation response in established OA is more likely to be diffuse rather than localized.

We found that cartilage defects, but not quantitative cartilage volume, was significantly associated with change in joint effusion-synovitis. In fact, cartilage defects are evaluated on the cartilage surface morphology by the extent and depth of cartilage lesions, and debris released from cartilage lesions to joint cavity may induce effusion-synovitis. In contrast, cartilage volume measures the status of cartilage loss in the whole plate rather than focal sites so it may not identify cartilage debris releasing from local sites.

Accurate quantification of synovial inflammation will improve understanding of its natural history. Some widely used semiquantitative assessments of effusion-synovitis, such as WORMS and the Knee Osteoarthritis Scoring System, are subjective and require scoring from experienced professionals18,40. There is still conflicting evidence regarding the association of structural alterations with the severity of synovitis, which is possibly because of inconsistent scoring systems and imaging tools41,42,43,44. Our study applied a semiautomatic segmentation method that accurately generated the 3-D volume reconstruction from the area of effusion-synovitis in MR images. It was highly reproducible (ICC 0.93–0.99) and could be picked up easily by inexperienced readers. Further, we tested the volume measurement with the previous semiquantitative assessment, which showed a high correlation (r = 0.71). Importantly, more significant associations of baseline knee structures were found with change in effusion-synovitis volume than score, suggesting this validated measuring system may be more sensitive than semiquantitative measures.

There are some potential limitations in our study. As a posthoc analysis, the original randomized controlled trial was not designed to study the associations between synovial inflammation and knee structural changes, and our results are only generalizable to patients with established knee OA and low vitamin D levels. However, the sample size in the original trial had sufficient power (> 90%) to address the research question in our current study. Last, we used non-contrast–enhanced MRI, which was unable to differentiate synovial fluid and synovial thickening, so measurement of effusion-synovitis may not actually reflect synovitis status.

Knee cartilage and subchondral bone abnormalities predicted change in effusion-synovitis, but effusion-synovitis mainly did not predict knee structural changes. These findings suggest that synovial inflammation is most likely the result of joint structural abnormalities in established OA.

Acknowledgment

We especially thank the participants who made this study possible. We thank the research assistants Jodi Barling, Kay Nguo, Judy Hankin, and Alice Noone, who were involved in the coordination of this study. We also thank Rob Warren, who measured knee cartilage volume, and Dr. Andrew Halliday for guidance in imaging reading.

Footnotes

  • Funded by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Grant (Project Code 605501).

  • Accepted for publication June 15, 2017.

REFERENCES

  1. 1.↵
    1. Hunter DJ,
    2. Schofield D,
    3. Callander E
    . The individual and socioeconomic impact of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2014;10:437–41.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  2. 2.↵
    1. Guermazi A,
    2. Roemer FW,
    3. Crema MD,
    4. Englund M,
    5. Hayashi D
    . Imaging of non-osteochondral tissues in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014;22:1590–605.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  3. 3.↵
    1. Pelletier JP,
    2. Cooper C,
    3. Peterfy C,
    4. Reginster JY,
    5. Brandi ML,
    6. Bruyere O,
    7. et al.
    What is the predictive value of MRI for the occurrence of knee replacement surgery in knee osteoarthritis? Ann Rheum Dis 2013;72:1594–604.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  4. 4.↵
    1. Samuels J,
    2. Krasnokutsky S,
    3. Abramson SB
    . Osteoarthritis: a tale of three tissues. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis 2008;66:244–50.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  5. 5.↵
    1. Bierma-Zeinstra SM,
    2. Koes BW
    . Risk factors and prognostic factors of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2007;3:78–85.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  6. 6.↵
    1. Wang X,
    2. Hunter D,
    3. Xu J,
    4. Ding C
    . Metabolic triggered inflammation in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015;23:22–30.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  7. 7.↵
    1. Roemer FW,
    2. Guermazi A,
    3. Felson DT,
    4. Niu J,
    5. Nevitt MC,
    6. Crema MD,
    7. et al.
    Presence of MRI-detected joint effusion and synovitis increases the risk of cartilage loss in knees without osteoarthritis at 30-month follow-up: the MOST study. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:1804–9.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  8. 8.↵
    1. Guermazi A,
    2. Hayashi D,
    3. Roemer FW,
    4. Zhu Y,
    5. Niu J,
    6. Crema MD,
    7. et al.
    Synovitis in knee osteoarthritis assessed by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is associated with radiographic tibiofemoral osteoarthritis and MRI-detected widespread cartilage damage: the MOST study. J Rheumatol 2014;41:501–8.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  9. 9.↵
    1. Benito MJ,
    2. Veale DJ,
    3. FitzGerald O,
    4. van den Berg WB,
    5. Bresnihan B
    . Synovial tissue inflammation in early and late osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1263–7.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  10. 10.↵
    1. Atukorala I,
    2. Kwoh CK,
    3. Guermazi A,
    4. Roemer FW,
    5. Boudreau RM,
    6. Hannon MJ,
    7. et al.
    Synovitis in knee osteoarthritis: a precursor of disease? Ann Rheum Dis 2016;75:390–5.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  11. 11.↵
    1. Guermazi A,
    2. Kwoh CK,
    3. Hannon MJ,
    4. Boudreau B,
    5. Hayashi D,
    6. Hunter DJ,
    7. et al;
    8. OAI Investigators
    . Hoffa-synovitis and effusion-synovitis are associated with knees undergoing total knee replacement: data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012;20 Suppl 1:S235–6.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  12. 12.↵
    1. Yusuf E,
    2. Kortekaas MC,
    3. Watt I,
    4. Huizinga TW,
    5. Kloppenburg M
    . Do knee abnormalities visualised on MRI explain knee pain in knee osteoarthritis? A systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:60–7.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  13. 13.↵
    1. GH Lo,
    2. McAlindon TE,
    3. Niu J,
    4. Zhang Y,
    5. Beals C,
    6. Dabrowski C,
    7. et al;
    8. OAI Investigators Group
    . Bone marrow lesions and joint effusion are strongly and independently associated with weight-bearing pain in knee osteoarthritis: data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009;17:1562–9.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  14. 14.↵
    1. Sokolove J,
    2. Lepus CM
    . Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: latest findings and interpretations. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2013;5:77–94.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  15. 15.↵
    1. Hunter DJ
    . Advanced imaging in osteoarthritis. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis 2008;66:251–60.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  16. 16.↵
    1. Wang X,
    2. Blizzard L,
    3. Halliday A,
    4. Han W,
    5. Jin X,
    6. Cicuttini F,
    7. et al.
    Association between MRI-detected knee joint regional effusion-synovitis and structural changes in older adults: a cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis 2016;75:519–25.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  17. 17.↵
    1. Wang X,
    2. Jin X,
    3. Han W,
    4. Cao Y,
    5. Halliday A,
    6. Blizzard L,
    7. et al.
    Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between knee joint effusion synovitis and knee pain in older adults. J Rheumatol 2016;43:121–30.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  18. 18.↵
    1. Peterfy CG,
    2. Guermazi A,
    3. Zaim S,
    4. Tirman PF,
    5. Miaux Y,
    6. White D,
    7. et al.
    Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS) of the knee in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2004;12:177–90.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  19. 19.↵
    1. Wang X,
    2. Blizzard L,
    3. Jin X,
    4. Chen Z,
    5. Zhu Z,
    6. Han W,
    7. et al.
    Quantitative assessment of knee effusion-synovitis in older adults: association with knee structural abnormalities. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016;68:837–44.
    OpenUrl
  20. 20.↵
    1. Jin X,
    2. Jones G,
    3. Cicuttini F,
    4. Wluka A,
    5. Zhu Z,
    6. Han W,
    7. et al.
    Effect of vitamin D supplementation on tibial cartilage volume and knee pain among patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016;315:1005–13.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  21. 21.↵
    1. Altman R,
    2. Asch E,
    3. Bloch D,
    4. Bole G,
    5. Borenstein D,
    6. Brandt K,
    7. et al.
    Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis. Classification of osteoarthritis of the knee. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee of the American Rheumatism Association. Arthritis Rheum 1986;29:1039–49.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  22. 22.↵
    1. Altman RD,
    2. Hochberg M,
    3. Murphy WA Jr,
    4. Wolfe F,
    5. Lequesne M
    . Atlas of individual radiographic features in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1995;3 Suppl A:3–70.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  23. 23.↵
    1. Volonté F,
    2. Pugin F,
    3. Buchs NC,
    4. Spaltenstein J,
    5. Hagen M,
    6. Ratib O,
    7. et al.
    Console-integrated stereoscopic OsiriX 3D volume-rendered images for da Vinci colorectal robotic surgery. Surg Innov 2013;20:158–63.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  24. 24.↵
    1. Nguyen TV,
    2. Eisman JA
    . Assessment of significant change in BMD: a new approach. J Bone Miner Res 2000;15:369–72.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  25. 25.↵
    1. Wang X,
    2. Cicuttini F,
    3. Jin X,
    4. Wluka AE,
    5. Han W,
    6. Zhu Z,
    7. et al.
    Knee effusion-synovitis volume measurement and effects of vitamin D supplementation in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017;25:1304–12.
    OpenUrl
  26. 26.↵
    1. Ding C,
    2. Garnero P,
    3. Cicuttini F,
    4. Scott F,
    5. Cooley H,
    6. Jones G
    . Knee cartilage defects: association with early radiographic osteoarthritis, decreased cartilage volume, increased joint surface area and type II collagen breakdown. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005;13:198–205.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  27. 27.↵
    1. Jones G,
    2. Glisson M,
    3. Hynes K,
    4. Cicuttini F
    . Sex and site differences in cartilage development: a possible explanation for variations in knee osteoarthritis in later life. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:2543–9.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  28. 28.↵
    1. Baysal O,
    2. Baysal T,
    3. Alkan A,
    4. Altay Z,
    5. Yologlu S
    . Comparison of MRI graded cartilage and MRI based volume measurement in knee osteoarthritis. Swiss Med Wkly 2004;134:283–8.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  29. 29.↵
    1. Wang J,
    2. Antony B,
    3. Zhu Z,
    4. Han W,
    5. Pan F,
    6. Wang X,
    7. et al.
    Association of patellar bone marrow lesions with knee pain, patellar cartilage defect and patellar cartilage volume loss in older adults: a cohort study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015;23:1330–6.
    OpenUrl
  30. 30.↵
    1. Altman RD,
    2. Gold GE
    . Atlas of individual radiographic features in osteoarthritis, revised. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007;15 Suppl A: A1–56.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  31. 31.↵
    1. Zhai G,
    2. Blizzard L,
    3. Srikanth V,
    4. Ding C,
    5. Cooley H,
    6. Cicuttini F,
    7. et al.
    Correlates of knee pain in older adults: Tasmanian Older Adult Cohort Study. Arthritis Rheum 2006;55:264–71.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  32. 32.↵
    1. Kersten P,
    2. White PJ,
    3. Tennant A
    . The visual analogue WOMAC 3.0 scale—internal validity and responsiveness of the VAS version. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010;11:80.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  33. 33.↵
    1. Laffont CM,
    2. Vandemeulebroecke M,
    3. Concordet D
    . Multivariate analysis of longitudinal ordinal data with mixed effects models, with application to clinical outcomes in osteoarthritis. J Am Stat Assoc 2014;109:955–66.
    OpenUrl
  34. 34.↵
    1. Brandt KD,
    2. Dieppe P,
    3. Radin EL
    . Etiopathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2008;34:531–59.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  35. 35.↵
    1. Maldonado M,
    2. Nam J
    . The role of changes in extracellular matrix of cartilage in the presence of inflammation on the pathology of osteoarthritis. Biomed Res Int 2013;2013:284873.
    OpenUrl
  36. 36.↵
    1. Dore D,
    2. Quinn S,
    3. Ding C,
    4. Winzenberg T,
    5. Zhai G,
    6. Cicuttini F,
    7. et al.
    Natural history and clinical significance of MRI-detected bone marrow lesions at the knee: a prospective study in community dwelling older adults. Arthritis Res Ther 2010;12:R223.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  37. 37.↵
    1. Carnes J,
    2. Stannus O,
    3. Cicuttini F,
    4. Ding C,
    5. Jones G
    . Knee cartilage defects in a sample of older adults: natural history, clinical significance and factors influencing change over 2.9 years. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012;20:1541–7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  38. 38.↵
    1. Cooper C,
    2. McAlindon T,
    3. Snow S,
    4. Vines K,
    5. Young P,
    6. Kirwan J,
    7. et al.
    Mechanical and constitutional risk factors for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: differences between medial tibiofemoral and patellofemoral disease. J Rheumatol 1994;21:307–13.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  39. 39.↵
    1. Fenn S,
    2. Datir A,
    3. Saifuddin A
    . Synovial recesses of the knee: MR imaging review of anatomical and pathological features. Skeletal Radiol 2009;38:317–28.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  40. 40.↵
    1. Kornaat PR,
    2. Ceulemans RY,
    3. Kroon HM,
    4. Riyazi N,
    5. Kloppenburg M,
    6. Carter WO,
    7. et al.
    MRI assessment of knee osteoarthritis: Knee Osteoarthritis Scoring System (KOSS)—inter-observer and intra-observer reproducibility of a compartment-based scoring system. Skeletal Radiol 2005;34:95–102.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  41. 41.↵
    1. Hayashi D,
    2. Roemer FW,
    3. Katur A,
    4. Felson DT,
    5. Yang SO,
    6. Alomran F,
    7. et al.
    Imaging of synovitis in osteoarthritis: current status and outlook. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2011;41:116–30.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  42. 42.↵
    1. Crema MD,
    2. Roemer FW,
    3. Felson DT,
    4. Englund M,
    5. Wang K,
    6. Jarraya M,
    7. et al.
    Factors associated with meniscal extrusion in knees with or at risk for osteoarthritis: the Multicenter Osteoarthritis study. Radiology 2012;264:494–503.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  43. 43.↵
    1. Oda H,
    2. Igarashi M,
    3. Sase H,
    4. Sase T,
    5. Yamamoto S
    . Bone bruise in magnetic resonance imaging strongly correlates with the production of joint effusion and with knee osteoarthritis. J Orthop Sci 2008;13:7–15.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  44. 44.↵
    1. Loeuille D,
    2. Rat AC,
    3. Goebel JC,
    4. Champigneulle J,
    5. Blum A,
    6. Netter P,
    7. et al.
    Magnetic resonance imaging in osteoarthritis: which method best reflects synovial membrane inflammation? Correlations with clinical, macroscopic and microscopic features. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009;17:1186–92.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Email Article
Citation Tools

 Request Permissions

Bookmark this article

Jump to section

Keywords

EFFUSION
SYNOVITIS
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS

Keywords