Improved Function and Reduced Pain after Swimming and Cycling Training in Patients with Osteoarthritis

REFERENCES

1. 1.↵
   1. Hunter DJ,
   2. Schofield D,
   3. Callander E

   . The individual and socioeconomic impact of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2014;10:437–41.

   OpenUrlPubMed
2. 2.↵
   1. Hochberg MC,
   2. Altman RD,
   3. April KT,
   4. Benkhalti M,
   5. Guyatt G,
   6. McGowan J,
   7. et al.

   American College of Rheumatology 2012 recommendations for the use of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies in osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Arthritis Care Res 2012;64:465–74.

   OpenUrl
3. 3.↵
   1. Pisters MF,
   2. Veenhof C,
   3. van Dijk GM,
   4. Heymans MW,
   5. Twisk JW,
   6. Dekker J

   . The course of limitations in activities over 5 years in patients with knee and hip osteoarthritis with moderate functional limitations: risk factors for future functional decline. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012;20:503–10.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
4. 4.↵
   1. Theis KA,
   2. Murphy L,
   3. Hootman JM,
   4. Helmick CG,
   5. Yelin E

   . Prevalence and correlates of arthritis-attributable work limitation in the US population among persons ages 18–64: 2002 National Health Interview Survey Data. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:355–63.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
5. 5.↵
   1. Baliunas AJ,
   2. Hurwitz DE,
   3. Ryals AB,
   4. Karrar A,
   5. Case JP,
   6. Block JA,
   7. et al.

   Increased knee joint loads during walking are present in subjects with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002;10:573–9.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
6. 6.↵
   1. Lievense AM,
   2. Bierma-Zeinstra SM,
   3. Verhagen AP,
   4. Bernsen RM,
   5. Verhaar JA,
   6. Koes BW

   . Influence of sporting activities on the development of osteoarthritis of the hip: a systematic review. Arthritis Rheum 2003;49:228–36.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
7. 7.↵
   1. Chung NK,
   2. Pin CH

   . Obesity and the occurrence of heat disorders. Mil Med 1996;161:739–42.

   OpenUrlPubMed
8. 8.↵
   1. Tanaka H

   . Swimming exercise: impact of aquatic exercise on cardiovascular health. Sports Med 2009;39:377–87.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
9. 9.↵
   1. DeLisa JA,
   2. Gans BM

   1. Becker BE,
   2. Cole AJ

   . Aquatic rehabilitation. In: DeLisa JA, Gans BM, editors. Rehabilitation medicine: principles and practice, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1998:887–901.
10. 10.↵
    1. Kjendlie PL,
    2. Stallman RK,
    3. Cabri J

    1. Tanaka H,
    2. Sommerlad SM,
    3. Renzi CP,
    4. Barnes JN,
    5. Nualnim N

    . Post-exercise hypotension and blood lipoprotein changes following swimming exercise. In: Kjendlie PL, Stallman RK, Cabri J, editors. Biomechanics and medicine in swimming XI. Oslo, Norway: Norwegian School of Sport Science; 2010:381–3.
11. 11.↵
    1. Salacinski AJ,
    2. Krohn K,
    3. Lewis SF,
    4. Holland ML,
    5. Ireland K,
    6. Marchetti G

    . The effects of group cycling on gait and pain-related disability in individuals with mild-to-moderate knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42:985–95.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
12. 12.↵
    1. Mangione KK,
    2. McCully K,
    3. Gloviak A,
    4. Lefebvre I,
    5. Hofmann M,
    6. Craik R

    . The effects of high-intensity and low-intensity cycle ergometry in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1999;54:M184–90.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
13. 13.↵
    1. Pescatello LS

    1. American College of Sports Medicine

    . ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (9th ed). Pescatello LS, editor. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.
14. 14.↵
    1. Tanaka H,
    2. Monahan KD,
    3. Seals DR

    . Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:153–6.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
15. 15.↵
    1. Strasser B,
    2. Arvandi M,
    3. Pasha EP,
    4. Haley AP,
    5. Stanforth P,
    6. Tanaka H

    . Abdominal obesity is associated with arterial stiffness in middle-aged adults. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015;25:495–502.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
16. 16.↵
    1. Godin G,
    2. Shephard RJ

    . A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community. Can J Appl Sport Sci 1985;10:141–6.

    OpenUrlPubMed
17. 17.↵
    1. Enright PL,
    2. McBurnie MA,
    3. Bittner V,
    4. Tracy RP,
    5. McNamara R,
    6. Arnold A,
    7. et al.

    The 6-min walk test: a quick measure of functional status in elderly adults. Chest 2003;123:387–98.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
18. 18.↵
    1. Park W,
    2. Lee VJ,
    3. Ku B,
    4. Tanaka H

    . Effect of walking speed and placement position interactions in determining the accuracy of various newer pedometers. J Exerc Sci Fitness 2014;12:31–7.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
19. 19.↵
    1. Barnes JN,
    2. Trombold JR,
    3. Dhindsa M,
    4. Lin HF,
    5. Tanaka H

    . Arterial stiffening following eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. J Appl Physiol 2010;109:1102–8.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
20. 20.↵
    1. Bellamy N,
    2. Buchanan WW,
    3. Goldsmith CH,
    4. Campbell J,
    5. Stitt LW

    . Validation study of WOMAC: a health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. J Rheumatol 1988;15:1833–40.

    OpenUrlPubMed
21. 21.↵
    1. Ware JE Jr.,
    2. Sherbourne CD

    . The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 1992;30:473–83.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
22. 22.↵
    1. Wood AM,
    2. White IR,
    3. Hillsdon M,
    4. Carpenter J

    . Comparison of imputation and modelling methods in the analysis of a physical activity trial with missing outcomes. Int J Epidemiol 2005;34:89–99.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
23. 23.↵
    1. White IR,
    2. Carpenter J,
    3. Horton NJ

    . Including all individuals is not enough: lessons for intention-to-treat analysis. Clin Trials 2012;9:396–407.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
24. 24.↵
    1. Conaghan PG,
    2. Dickson J,
    3. Grant RL;
    4. Guideline Development Group

    . Care and management of osteoarthritis in adults: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2008;336:502–3.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
25. 25.↵
    1. Zhang W,
    2. Moskowitz RW,
    3. Nuki G,
    4. Abramson S,
    5. Altman RD,
    6. Arden N,
    7. et al.

    OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis, Part II: OARSI evidence-based, expert consensus guidelines. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008;16:137–62.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
26. 26.↵
    1. White DK,
    2. Keysor JJ,
    3. Lavalley MP,
    4. Lewis CE,
    5. Torner JC,
    6. Nevitt MC,
    7. et al.

    Clinically important improvement in function is common in people with or at high risk of knee OA: the MOST study. J Rheumatol 2010;37:1244–51.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
27. 27.↵
    1. Angst F,
    2. Aeschlimann A,
    3. Stucki G

    . Smallest detectable and minimal clinically important differences of rehabilitation intervention with their implications for required sample sizes using WOMAC and SF-36 quality of life measurement instruments in patients with osteoarthritis of the lower extremities. Arthritis Rheum 2001;45:384–91.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
28. 28.↵
    1. Tanaka H

    . Effects of cross-training. Transfer of training effects on VO2max between cycling, running and swimming. Sports Med 1994;18:330–9.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
29. 29.↵
    1. Escalante Y,
    2. Saavedra JM,
    3. Garcia-Hermoso A,
    4. Silva AJ,
    5. Barbosa TM

    . Physical exercise and reduction of pain in adults with lower limb osteoarthritis: a systematic review. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2010;23:175–86.

    OpenUrlPubMed
30. 30.↵
    1. Esser S,
    2. Bailey A

    . Effects of exercise and physical activity on knee osteoarthritis. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2011;15:423–30.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
31. 31.↵
    1. Fransen M,
    2. Nairn L,
    3. Winstanley J,
    4. Lam P,
    5. Edmonds J

    . Physical activity for osteoarthritis management: a randomized controlled clinical trial evaluating hydrotherapy or Tai Chi classes. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:407–14.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
32. 32.↵
    1. Hughes SL,
    2. Seymour RB,
    3. Campbell R,
    4. Pollak N,
    5. Huber G,
    6. Sharma L

    . Impact of the fit and strong intervention on older adults with osteoarthritis. Gerontologist 2004;44:217–28.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
33. 33.↵
    1. Bartels ME,
    2. Lund H,
    3. Hagen KB,
    4. Dagfinrud H,
    5. Christensen R,
    6. Danneskiold-Samsoe B

    . Aquatic exercise for the treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;4:CD005523.

    OpenUrlPubMed
34. 34.↵
    1. Ball K,
    2. Crawford D,
    3. Owen N

    . Too fat to exercise? Obesity as a barrier to physical activity. Aust NZ J Public Health 2000;24:331–3.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
35. 35.↵
    1. Lim K,
    2. Taylor L

    . Factors associated with physical activity among older people—a population-based study. Prev Med 2005;40:33–40.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed