Article Figures & Data
Tables
- Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics of 66 patients with Takayasu arteritis who underwent interventional procedures. Data are n (%) of patients with data available, unless otherwise indicated.
Characteristic Value Age at diagnosis, yrs, median (interquartile range) 34.5 (24.8–40.3) Female 58 (88) Race White 46 (90) African American 3 (6) Other 2 (4) Unknown 15 Hypertension 17 (27) Smoking status Never 34 (52) Former and current 31 (48) Dyslipidemia 13 (25) Diabetes mellitus 1 (2) Symptoms and signs Fever (100.4°F) 13 (20) Arthralgia 14 (21) Arthritis 8 (12) Fatigue 29 (44) Chest pain 19 (29) Bruits 54 (82) Lightheadedness 29 (44) Weight loss (> 10%) 15 (23) Angina 6 (9) Carotidynia 7 (11) Amaurosis fugax 12 (18) Visual loss 5 (8) Stroke 3 (5) Transient ischemic attack 7 (11) New-onset hypertension 28 (42) Headache 23 (35) Unequal/absent pulses 49 (74) Unequal blood pressure 38 (59) Upper limb claudication 28 (43) Lower limb claudication 14 (22) Elevated sedimentation rate (> 29 mm/h for women, > 22 mm/h for men) 24 (47) Elevated C-reactive protein (≥ 8 mg/l) 14 (50) - Table 2.
Indications for vascular procedures in patients with Takayasu arteritis. Data are n (%).
Indications Surgical Procedure, n = 93 Endovascular Procedure, n = 26 p Stroke 7 (8) 0 (0) 0.15 Transient ischemic attack 7 (8) 0 (0) 0.15 Claudication of arms 40 (43) 8 (31) 0.26 Claudication of legs 18 (19) 2 (8) 0.16 Heart failure 12 (13) 3 (12) 0.85 Mesenteric ischemia 2 (2) 1 (4) 0.63 Refractory hypertension 12 (13) 6 (23) 0.20 Kidney failure 3 (3) 1 (4) 0.88 Myocardial infarction 5 (5) 2 (8) 0.66 Treatment Surgical Procedure, n = 93 Endovascular Procedure, n = 26 p Corticosteroids 43 (46) 12 (46) 0.99 Immunosuppressant 26 (28) 10 (38) 0.30 Methotrexate 12 (13) 8 (31) 0.031 Azathioprine 5 (5) 1 (4) 0.75 Cyclosporine 1 (1) 0 (0) 0.60 Mycophenolate mofetil 7 (8) 1 (4) 0.51 Two or more drugs 0 (0) 0 (0) — Biologic drugs 6 (6) 3 (12) 0.39 Infliximab 4 (4) 2 (8) — Adalimumab 0 (0) 1 (4) — Aspirin 24 (26) 8 (31) 0.61 Anticoagulant 6 (6) 3 (12) 0.39 Statins 6 (6) 1 (4) 0.62 - Table 4.
Arterial lesions treated by revascularization in 66 patients with Takayasu arteritis. Data are n (%).
Artery Surgical Procedure, n = 93 Endovascular Procedure, n = 26 p Aorta 2 (28) 5 (19) 0.37 Subclavian 20 (22) 9 (35) 0.17 Axillary 3 (3) 0 (0) 0.35 Carotid 21 (23) 1 (4) 0.030 Vertebral 3 (3) 1 (4) 0.88 Innominate 3 (3) 0 (0) 0.35 Celiac 3 (3) 0 (0) 0.35 Superior mesenteric 9 (10) 1 (4) 0.34 Inferior mesenteric 0 (0) 0 (0) — Renal 15 (16) 5 (19) 0.71 Iliac 3 (3) 2 (8) 0.32 Femoral 9 (10) 0 (0) 0.10 Coronary 8 (9) 3 (12) 0.65 Pulmonary 0 (0) 1 (4) 0.06 - Table 5.
Complications according to type of vascular procedure performed in 66 patients with Takayasu arteritis. Data are n (%).
Variable Surgical Procedure, n = 93 Endovascular Procedure, n = 26 p Early complications Restenosis 1 (1) 1 (4) 0.33 Bleed 2 (2) 0 (0) 0.45 Stroke 3 (3) 0 (0) 0.35 Other 11 (12) 3 (12) 0.97 Any early complication 15 (16) 4 (15) 0.93 Late complications Restenosis* 26 (37) 9 (62) 0.19 Thrombosis* 2 (4) 0 (0) 0.54 Stroke* 1 (2) 0 (0) 0.63 Bleed* 0 (0) 0 (0) Other* 8 (11) 1 (10) 0.65 Any late complication* 34 (44) 10 (66) 0.33 Any complication* 35 (45) 10 (66) 0.44 Deaths associated with the procedure 3 (3) 1 (4) 0.85 ↵* Percentages are Kaplan-Meier event rates at 10 years after surgery; p values are log-rank tests among 97 procedures (78 surgical procedures, 19 endovascular procedures) with at least 30 days of followup.
Variable Any Postprocedural Complication, HR (95% CI) Restenosis, HR (95% CI) Endovascular repair 1.15 (0.59–2.25) 1.33 (0.58–3.06) Age at surgery 0.87* (0.67–1.13) 0.70* (0.48–1.01) Sex male 0.41 (0.12–1.39) 0.43 (0.09–2.07) Corticosteroid use 1.45 (0.83–2.52) 2.08 (0.96–4.51) Corticosteroid dose** 1.15 (1.04–1.26) 1.23 (1.05–1.45) Immunosuppressant use 1.08 (0.59–1.97) 1.32 (0.59–2.92) Aorta 1.10 (0.59–2.07) 0.33 (0.11–0.99) Thoracic 1.35 (0.77–2.36) 1.82 (0.86–3.85) Abdominal 1.33 (0.72–2.45) 0.95 (0.41–2.23) Emergency procedure 2.53 (0.99–6.48) 1.41 (0.29–6.81) Arm claudication 0.83 (0.47–1.47) 1.14 (0.54–2.41) Leg claudication 0.93 (0.43–1.98) 0.85 (0.29–2.44) Heart failure 0.73 (0.28–1.90) 0.22 (0.03–1.67) Myocardial infarction 1.34 (0.49–3.66) 2.49 (0.77–8.12) Hypertension 2.40 (1.12–5.16) 4.91 (1.42–17.00) Dyslipidemia 2.93 (1.38–6.25) 4.25 (1.41–12.79) Diabetes mellitus 0.79 (0.09–6.91) — Current smoker (vs never) 0.41 (0.18–0.94) 0.37 (0.11–1.24) Former smoker (vs never) 0.78 (0.41–1.49) 0.93 (0.37–2.32) NIH criterion 1 (systemic features, fever, musculoskeletal pain) 0.72 (0.22–2.35) 0.89 (0.19–4.09) NIH criterion 2 (elevated ESR) 2.59 (0.94–7.09) 1.92 (0.33–11.9) NIH criterion 3 (features of vascular ischemia or inflammation) 1.99 (0.95–4.18) 3.14 (1.06–9.27) NIH criterion 4 (typical angiographic features) 1.8 (0.63–5.16) 1.89 (0.43–8.32) NIH criteria (2+ vs 0–1) 1.45 (0.80–2.63) 1.75 (0.77–3.99)
