Obesity Is Common in Axial Spondyloarthritis and Is Associated with Poor Clinical Outcome

REFERENCES

1. 1.↵
   1. van Tubergen A

   . The changing clinical picture and epidemiology of spondyloarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2015;11:110–8.

   OpenUrlPubMed
2. 2.↵
   1. Swinnen TW,
   2. Scheers T,
   3. Lefevre J,
   4. Dankaerts W,
   5. Westhovens R,
   6. de Vlam K

   . Physical activity assessment in patients with axial spondyloarthritis compared to healthy controls: a technology-based approach. PLoS One 2014;9:e85309.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
3. 3.↵
   1. World Health Organization

   . Obesity and overweight. [Internet. Accessed October 28, 2015.] Available from: www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
4. 4.↵
   1. Haslam DW,
   2. James WP

   . Obesity. Lancet 2005;366:1197–209.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
5. 5.↵
   1. Adams KF,
   2. Schatzkin A,
   3. Harris TB,
   4. Kipnis V,
   5. Mouw T,
   6. Ballard-Barbash R,
   7. et al.

   Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old. N Engl J Med 2006;355:763–78.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
6. 6.↵
   1. Versini M,
   2. Jeandel PY,
   3. Rosenthal E,
   4. Shoenfeld Y

   . Obesity in autoimmune diseases: not a passive bystander. Autoimmun Rev 2014;13:981–1000.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
7. 7.↵
   1. Durcan L,
   2. Wilson F,
   3. Conway R,
   4. Cunnane G,
   5. O’Shea FD

   . Increased body mass index in ankylosing spondylitis is associated with greater burden of symptoms and poor perceptions of the benefits of exercise. J Rheumatol 2012;39:2310–4.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
8. 8.↵
   1. Ottaviani S,
   2. Allanore Y,
   3. Tubach F,
   4. Forien M,
   5. Gardette A,
   6. Pasquet B,
   7. et al.

   Body mass index influences the response to infliximab in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Res Ther 2012;14:R115.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
9. 9.↵
   1. Gremese E,
   2. Bernardi S,
   3. Bonazza S,
   4. Nowik M,
   5. Peluso G,
   6. Massara A,
   7. et al.

   Body weight, gender and response to TNF-α blockers in axial spondyloarthritis. Rheumatology 2014;53:875–81.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
10. 10.↵
    1. Arends S,
    2. Spoorenberg A,
    3. Houtman PM,
    4. Leijsma MK,
    5. Bos R,
    6. Kallenberg CG,
    7. et al.

    The effect of three years of TNFα blocking therapy on markers of bone turnover and their predictive value for treatment discontinuation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a prospective longitudinal observational cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther 2012;14:R98.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
11. 11.↵
    1. van der Linden S,
    2. Valkenburg HA,
    3. Cats A

    . Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis. A proposal for modification of the New York criteria. Arthritis Rheum 1984;27:361–8.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
12. 12.↵
    1. Rudwaleit M,
    2. van der Heijde D,
    3. Landewé R,
    4. Listing J,
    5. Akkoc N,
    6. Brandt J,
    7. et al.

    The development of Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:777–83.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
13. 13.↵
    1. Stolwijk C,
    2. van Tubergen A,
    3. Ramiro S,
    4. Essers I,
    5. Blaauw M,
    6. van der Heijde D,
    7. et al.

    Aspects of validity of the self-administered comorbidity questionnaire in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology 2014;53:1054–64.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
14. 14.↵
    1. Scholtens S,
    2. Smidt N,
    3. Swertz MA,
    4. Bakker SJ,
    5. Dotinga A,
    6. Vonk JM,
    7. et al.

    Cohort Profile: LifeLines, a three-generation cohort study and biobank. Int J Epidemiol 2015;44:1172–80.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
15. 15.↵
    [Statistics Netherlands. Health outcomes measures 2012]. [Website in Dutch; accessed October 28, 2015.] Available from: www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/themas/gezondheid-welzijn/cijfers/incidenteel/maatwerk/2013-gezondheidsmonitor2012-mw.htm
16. 16.↵
    1. Armstrong AW,
    2. Harskamp CT,
    3. Armstrong EJ

    . The association between psoriasis and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr Diabetes 2012;2:e54.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
17. 17.↵
    1. Bhole VM,
    2. Choi HK,
    3. Burns LC,
    4. Vera Kellet C,
    5. Lacaille DV,
    6. Gladman DD,
    7. et al.

    Differences in body mass index among individuals with PsA, psoriasis, RA and the general population. Rheumatology 2012;51:552–6.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
18. 18.↵
    1. Hauner H

    . Secretory factors from human adipose tissue and their functional role. Proc Nutr Soc 2005;64:163–9.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
19. 19.↵
    1. Hanley MJ,
    2. Abernethy DR,
    3. Greenblatt DJ

    . Effect of obesity on the pharmacokinetics of drugs in humans. Clin Pharmacokinet 2010;49:71–87.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
20. 20.↵
    1. Di Minno MN,
    2. Peluso R,
    3. Iervolino S,
    4. Russolillo A,
    5. Lupoli R,
    6. Scarpa R;
    7. CaRRDs Study Group

    . Weight loss and achievement of minimal disease activity in patients with psoriatic arthritis starting treatment with tumour necrosis factor α blockers. Ann Rheum Dis 2014;73:1157–62.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
21. 21.↵
    1. Gremese E,
    2. Tolusso B,
    3. Gigante MR,
    4. Ferraccioli G

    . Obesity as a risk and severity factor in rheumatic diseases (autoimmune chronic inflammatory diseases). Front Immunol 2014;5:576.

    OpenUrlPubMed
22. 22.↵
    1. Pietiläinen KH,
    2. Kaprio J,
    3. Borg P,
    4. Plasqui G,
    5. Yki-Järvinen H,
    6. Kujala UM,
    7. et al.

    Physical inactivity and obesity: a vicious circle. Obesity 2008;16:409–14.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
23. 23.↵
    1. Pouliot MC,
    2. Després JP,
    3. Lemieux S,
    4. Moorjani S,
    5. Bouchard C,
    6. Tremblay A,
    7. et al.

    Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter: best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women. Am J Cardiol 1994;73:460–8.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed