Article Figures & Data
- Figure 1.
A. Kaplan-Meier analysis of the probability of absence of cardiovascular hospitalization (stroke, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, heart failure, hypertension, cardiac arrythmias, or another cardiovascular-related hospitalization). B. Absence of hospitalization for atherosclerotic disease (stroke, coronary artery disease, or peripheral artery disease). GCA: giant cell arteritis. C. Absence of hospitalization for coronary artery disease. D. Absence of hospitalization for heart failure. Survival rates were statistically tested using the log rank test. GCA: giant cell arteritis.
- Table 1.
Predictors for cardiovascular hospitalizations (strokes, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, heart failure, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia, or another cardiovascular-related hospitalization) in the overall population.
Predictors HR (95% CI) p Adjusted HR (95% CI) p Age over 77 yrs 5.0 (2.44–10.23) < 0.0001 4.7 (2.31–9.71) < 0.0001 Males 1.6 (0.90–2.86) 0.11 GCA 3.2 (1.84–5.72) < 0.0001 3.3 (1.85–5.77) < 0.0001 Diabetes mellitus 1.6 (0.78–3.10) 0.21 Cardiovascular comorbidities Coronary artery disease 1.4 (0.44–4.50) 0.57 Heart failure 1.9 (0.47–7.95) 0.36 Strokes 1.8 (0.25–12.85) 0.57 Peripheral artery disease 0.9 (0.12–6.37) 0.90 Cardiac arrhythmia 1.6 (0.70–3.84) 0.25 Antihypertensive drugs 1.1 (0.64–1.89) 0.90 Antithrombotic agents 1.2 (0.43–3.32) 0.73 Statins since index date (DDD) 0.996 (0.994–0.998) 0.0007 0.998 (0.997–0.999) 0.016 GCA: giant cell arteritis; DDD: defined daily dose.
- Table 2.
Predictors for cardiovascular hospitalizations (strokes, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, heart failure, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia, or another cardiovascular-related hospitalization) in 103 patients with incident giant cell arteritis.
Predictors HR (95% CI) p Adjusted HR (95% CI) p Age over 77 years 5.8 (1.67–20.01) 0.0057 5.0 (1.40–17.54) 0.013 Males 1.3 (0.47–3.70) 0.60 Cardiovascular comorbidities* 7.1 (2.43–20.52) 0.0003 6.2 (2.0–19.24) 0.0016 Exposure to antihypertensive drugs 2.4 (0.84–6.62) 0.10 Statins exposure during GCA course (DDD) 0.99 (0.99–0.999) 0.027 0.993 (0.986–0.999) 0.0467 ↵* Cardiovascular comorbidities is a composite variable including comorbidities of coronary heart disease, heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias. Only variables associated with the risk of cardiovascular hospitalization with a p value < 0.05 in the univariate models were included in the multivariate models because of the limited number of outcome events (n = 18). GCA: giant cell arteritis; DDD: defined daily dose.
- Table 3.
Baseline characteristics of incident giant cell arteritis patients and disease-free controls.
Characteristics GCA, n = 103 Controls, n = 606 p Age, yrs, mean, median (range) 74.8, 77 (51–91) 74.7, 77 (51–91) 0.97 Women, n (%) 80 (77.7) 469 (77.4) 0.95 Followup, mean ± SD, mos 48.9 ± 14.8 48.0 ± 13.1 0.56 Comorbidities, n (%) Diabetes mellitus 5 (4.9) 90 (14.9) 0.004 Heart failure 2 (1.9) 15 (2.5) 1.0 Coronary artery disease 4 (3.9) 24 (4.0) 1.0 Peripheral artery disease 0 15 (2.5) 0.15 Cardiac arrhythmia 5 (4.9) 53 (8.8) 0.22 Stroke 0 8 (1.3) 0.61 Other cardiovascular disease 1 (1.0) 4 (0.7) 0.54 Medication use, n (%) Platelet aggregation inhibitors 19 (18.5) 103 (17.0) 0.72 Aspirin 16 (15.5) 80 (13.2) 0.52 Statin 28 (27.2) 142 (23.4) 0.41 Antihypertensive drugs 57 (55.3) 303 (50.0) 0.32 ACE inhibitor 11 (10.7) 85 (14.0) 0.36 ARA II therapy 22 (22.3) 115 (19.0) 0.43 Other antihypertensive drugs 29 (28.2) 219 (36.1) 0.12 Antiarrhythmic drugs 5 (4.9) 51 (8.4) 0.22 Antithrombotic agents 3 (2.9) 47 (7.8) 0.09 GCA: giant cell arteritis; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARA: angiotensin receptor antagonists.
Hospitalization GCA Patients, n = 103 Controls, n = 606 Incidence Rate Ratio (95% CI) Hospitalizations, n* Incidence Rate, Hospitalizations per 1000 Person-yrs Hospitalizations n** Incidence Rate, per 1000 Person-yrs Any cardiovascular disease 18 48.6 35 14.9 3.3 (1.9–6.2) Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease# 7 17.5 11 4.6 3.8 (1.4–12.6) Strokes 0 0 4 1.6 — Coronary artery disease 5 12.4 6 2.5 5.0 (1.3–26.7) Peripheral arterial disease 2 4.8 1 0.4 12.0 (0.5–167.0) Heart failure 6 14.8 15 6.2 2.4 (0.9–6.0) Cardiac arrhythmia 4 9.8 6 2.5 3.9 (1.0–20.8) Others 1 2.4 3 1.2 2.0 (0.2–22.0)
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Supplementary data for this article are available online at jrheum.org.
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