Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • First Release
    • Current
    • Archives
    • Collections
    • Audiovisual Rheum
    • COVID-19 and Rheumatology
  • Resources
    • Guide for Authors
    • Submit Manuscript
    • Payment
    • Reviewers
    • Advertisers
    • Classified Ads
    • Reprints and Translations
    • Permissions
    • Meetings
    • FAQ
    • Policies
  • Subscribers
    • Subscription Information
    • Purchase Subscription
    • Your Account
    • Terms and Conditions
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
    • Letter from the Editor
    • Duncan A. Gordon Award
    • Privacy/GDPR Policy
    • Accessibility
  • Contact Us
  • JRheum Supplements
  • Services

User menu

  • My Cart
  • Log In

Search

  • Advanced search
The Journal of Rheumatology
  • JRheum Supplements
  • Services
  • My Cart
  • Log In
The Journal of Rheumatology

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • First Release
    • Current
    • Archives
    • Collections
    • Audiovisual Rheum
    • COVID-19 and Rheumatology
  • Resources
    • Guide for Authors
    • Submit Manuscript
    • Payment
    • Reviewers
    • Advertisers
    • Classified Ads
    • Reprints and Translations
    • Permissions
    • Meetings
    • FAQ
    • Policies
  • Subscribers
    • Subscription Information
    • Purchase Subscription
    • Your Account
    • Terms and Conditions
  • About Us
    • About Us
    • Editorial Board
    • Letter from the Editor
    • Duncan A. Gordon Award
    • Privacy/GDPR Policy
    • Accessibility
  • Contact Us
  • Follow jrheum on Twitter
  • Visit jrheum on Facebook
  • Follow jrheum on LinkedIn
  • Follow jrheum on YouTube
  • Follow jrheum on Instagram
  • Follow jrheum on RSS
Research ArticleArticle

Relationship between Serum Magnesium Concentration and Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis

Chao Zeng, Jie Wei, Hui Li, Tuo Yang, Fang-Jie Zhang, Ding Pan, Yong-Bing Xiao, Tu-Bao Yang and Guang-Hua Lei
The Journal of Rheumatology July 2015, 42 (7) 1231-1236; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.141414
Chao Zeng
From the Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, and Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health Central South University, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Jie Wei
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Hui Li
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Tuo Yang
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Fang-Jie Zhang
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Ding Pan
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Yong-Bing Xiao
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Tu-Bao Yang
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Guang-Hua Lei
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: lgh9640@sina.cn
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
  • eLetters
PreviousNext
Loading

Abstract

Objective. To establish whether there is a relationship between serum magnesium (Mg) concentration and radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods. There were 2855 subjects in this cross-sectional study. Serum Mg concentration was measured using the chemiluminescence method. Radiographic OA of the knee was defined as changes consistent with Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grade 2 on at least 1 side. Mg concentration was classified into 1 of 4 quartiles: ≤ 0.87, 0.88–0.91, 0.92–0.96, or ≥ 0.97 mmol/l. Multivariable logistic analysis was used to test the association between serum Mg and radiographic knee OA after adjustment for potentially confounding factors. The OR with 95% CI for the association between radiographic knee OA and serum Mg concentration were calculated for each quartile. The quartile with the lowest value was regarded as the reference category.

Results. Significant association between serum Mg concentration and radiographic knee OA was observed in the model after adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index, as well as in the multivariable model. The multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) for radiographic knee OA in the second, third, and fourth serum Mg concentration quartiles were 0.90 (95% CI 0.71–1.13), 0.92 (95% CI 0.73–1.16), and 0.72 (95% CI 0.57–0.92), respectively, compared with the lowest (first) quartile. A clear trend (p for trend was 0.01) was observed. The relative odds of radiographic knee OA was decreased by 0.72 times in the fourth serum Mg quartile compared with the lowest quartile.

Conclusion. Serum Mg concentration may have an inverse relationship with radiographic OA of the knee.

Key Indexing Terms:
  • KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
  • SERUM MAGNESIUM
  • CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive rheumatic disease, the incidence of which increases with age in most societies. In the United States, about 28% of people aged over 45 years are reported to have radiographic OA of the knee, but the proportion is slightly higher in African Americans1. A high prevalence of OA has also been observed in some Asian countries2,3,4,5,6,7. For example, about 20% of men and 36% of women were affected by radiographic OA of the knee among rural (Wuchuan) Chinese subjects aged between 59 and 84 years7. At present, the only effective therapy for late-stage OA is joint replacement. There is increasing interest in identifying effective conservative treatments, and high priority has been given to prevention. The importance of nutrition in the maintenance of joint health is now widely recognized, but more research is needed to establish whether nutritional interventions can be made to prevent the onset or progression of OA8.

It has recently been reported that the serum concentration of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), a sensitive biomarker of low-grade systemic inflammation, correlated with radiological findings in the knee joint9. Lower serum concentration of magnesium (Mg), 1 of the most important micronutrients for human health, has also been shown to be independently associated with elevated hsCRP concentration10. Further, there is a strong relationship between Mg and immune responses11 that may be involved in the pathogenesis of OA12. It is plausible, therefore, that Mg deficiency is associated with OA, but there have been few studies that have examined whether serum Mg concentration is correlated with OA.

Hunter, et al13 reported that in a cohort of 229 female twin pairs, serum Mg concentration was significantly lower in co-twins with OA after adjustment for body mass index (BMI), but the authors acknowledged the potential limitation of the generalizability of twin studies. Qin, et al14 found that dietary Mg intake was inversely associated with radiographic OA of the knee in whites, but the association between serum Mg concentration and radiographic OA of the knee is not predictable. Nevertheless, both studies provide sufficient evidence for hypothesis generation. We designed a cross-sectional study to illuminate whether there is an inverse relationship between serum Mg concentration and radiographic OA of the knee.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study population

This cross-sectional study enrolled Chinese members of the general public who were undergoing health screening to explore the association between nutrition and the disease; the study design has been published15. Such screening checkups have become routine in China, and generally include anthropometric and basic clinical assessment (weight, height, blood pressure, and waistline measurements, etc.), biochemical (blood routine examination, hepatic function, renal function, trace elements test, etc.), and imaging tests (chest radiography, bilateral anteroposterior knee radiography, etc.). Registered nurses collected details of demographic characteristics and health-related habits, such as age, occupation, educational level, physical activity level, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, and diet using a standard questionnaire. Subjects were selected for this study according to the following inclusion criteria: (1) age ≥ 40 years; (2) availability of weight-bearing anteroposterior radiographs of both knees; (3) availability of blood biochemistry including serum Mg and fasting glucose concentrations; and (4) availability of data on all basic characteristics, including age, sex, BMI, smoking status, etc. Initially, this cross-sectional study recruited 5486 participants who underwent routine examinations including weight-bearing bilateral anteroposterior radiography of the knee and blood biochemical tests, such as blood glucose and serum magnesium concentration, at the Department of Health Examination Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University in Changsha, Hunan Province, China, from October 2013 to August 2014. Individuals with the following characteristics were excluded: radiographic evidence of non-OA joint disease such as osteochondroma or fracture (n = 67); missing data on certain characteristics or physical examinations, such as BMI, waistline, and blood pressure (n = 2); younger than 40 years (n = 539); or missing data on the records of behavior habits, such as smoking status, alcohol use, and physical activity level (n = 2023). A total of 2855 subjects were included in the final analysis. This research was approved by the ethics committee of Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. All participants gave written informed consent at the time of recruitment.

Blood biochemistry

All blood samples were drawn after a 12-h overnight fast and were stored at 4°C until analysis. The serum Mg concentration was measured using the chemiluminescence method. A weak positive association between serum Mg concentration and dietary Mg intake was observed in the study population (r = 0.07, p = 0.00). The fasting plasma glucose concentration was measured using the glucose oxidase enzyme method. Laboratory tests were undertaken using a Beckman Coulter AU 5800 (Beckman Coulter Inc.). Subjects with a fasting glucose ≥ 0.0 mmol/l or who were currently undergoing drug treatment for blood glucose control were regarded as having diabetes mellitus. The inter- and intraassay coefficients of variation were tested by low concentrations (2.5 mmol/l for glucose, 118 µmol/l for uric acid, and 0.60 mmol/l for serum Mg) and high concentrations (6.7 mmol/l for glucose, 472 µmol/l for uric acid, and 1.00 mmol/l for serum Mg) of standard human samples. The intraassay coefficients of variation were 0.98% (2.5 mmol/l) and 1.72% (6.7 mmol/l) for glucose, 1.39% (118 µmol/l) and 0.41% (472 µmol/l) for uric acid, and 1.86% (0.60 mmol/l) and 1.65% (1.00 mmol/l) for serum Mg. The interassay coefficients of variation were 2.45% (2.5 mmol/l) and 1.46% (6.7 mmol/l) for glucose, 1.40% (118 µmol/l) and 1.23% (472 µmol/l) for uric acid, and 1.87% (0.60 mmol/l) and 1.70% (1.00 mmol/l) for serum Mg.

Assessment of radiographic OA of the knee

All subjects were undergoing weight-bearing bilateral anteroposterior radiography of the knee. Two orthopedic surgeons, blinded to subjects’ clinical symptoms, assessed all radiographs independently using the Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) radiographic atlas. Inconsistencies were resolved through discussion. OA was divided into 5 categories according to K-L grade: 0 = absence of OA, 1 = suspected OA, 2 = minimal OA, 3 = moderate OA, and 4 = severe joint OA16. A subject was diagnosed with radiographic OA of the knee if at least 1 knee joint was graded as K-L 2 or higher. The reliability of the 2 orthopedic surgeons’ assessments was judged at 2 different times using an ICC. The results indicated that both interrater and intrarater reliability were high (κ = 0.86 and 0.87, respectively).

Assessment of covariates

Blood pressure was measured using an electronic sphygmomanometer. Subjects with a systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, or who were currently using anti-hypertensive medication were regarded as having arterial hypertension. The weight and height of each subject were measured to calculate BMI. Participants were also asked about their average frequency of physical activity (never, 1 or 2 times per week, 3 to 4 times per week, 5 times or above per week) and average duration of physical activity (30 min, 30–60 min, 60–120 min, > 120 min). The current smoking status and alcohol drinking status (yes or no for each) and the use of nutritional supplements were established by direct face-to-face questioning. Participants taking any longterm nutritional product, such as calcium, vitamin, or mineral supplements, were considered nutritional supplementation users.

Statistical analysis

Quantitative data are expressed as the mean ± SD, and qualitative data are expressed as proportion (percentage). The serum Mg concentration was classified into 4 quartiles: ≤ 0.87, 0.88–0.91, 0.92–0.96, and ≥ 0.97 mmol/l. Differences in continuous data were evaluated by the 1-way classification ANOVA (normally distributed data) or the Kruskal-Wallis H test (non-normally distributed data), while differences in qualitative data were assessed by the chi-square test. We also established whether there were differences in age, BMI, and the proportion of men and women between participants and subjects who were excluded from this study using Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square test as appropriate.

OR with 95% CI for the association between radiographic knee OA and serum magnesium concentration were calculated for each Mg concentration quartile; the quartile with the lowest value was regarded as the reference category. To calculate the adjusted OR of each quartile of serum Mg concentration, a multivariable model was adopted for logistic analysis that included age (yrs), BMI (< 30, ≥ 30 kg/m2), sex (male, female), educational achievement (high school or above, lower than high school), smoking status (yes/no), physical activity level (continuous data), alcohol drinking status (yes/no), nutrient supplementation (yes/no), longterm use of aspirin (yes/no), diabetes mellitus (yes/no), and hypertension (yes/no). Tests for linear trends were conducted based on logistic regression using a median variable of Mg concentration in each category.

The adjusted OR of each 0.01 mmol/l increase in serum Mg concentration based on this multivariable model was also calculated. Interaction between serum Mg concentration and potential confounders (age, BMI, sex, educational achievement, smoking status, physical activity level, alcohol drinking status, nutrient supplementation, longterm use of aspirin, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension) were tested one by one. Then, subgroup analyses were conducted to assess whether the association between serum Mg concentration and radiographic knee OA was modified by the interaction terms that were statistically significant. All analyses were performed using SPSS 17.0; a p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

The characteristics of the study population (2855 subjects) based on quartiles of serum Mg concentration are shown in Table 1, and the anthropometric and biochemical characteristics of the population according to OA status in Table 2. Significant differences were observed across all quartiles of serum Mg concentration in terms of female ratio (45.8%, 43.7%, 42.2%, and 40.1% for the first, second, third, and fourth quartiles, respectively), high school diploma ratio (42.5%, 51.3%, 49.2%, and 48.8% for the first, second, third, and fourth quartiles, respectively), and the ratio of diabetes (16.3%, 8.8%, 7.9%, and 6.8% for the first, second, third, and fourth quartiles, respectively). The prevalence of radiographic OA of the knee in the present cross-sectional study (age ≥ 40 yrs, with an average age of 52.26 ± 7.16 yrs) was 30.0%. There was no significant difference in terms of age (p = 0.12), sex (p = 0.14), or BMI (p = 0.96) between those included in the main analysis and those excluded as a result of missing health-related behavior data (n = 2023).

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
Table 1.

Characteristics among 2855 participants according to quartiles of serum Mg. Values are mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated.

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
Table 2.

Characteristics among 2855 participants according to OA status. Values are mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated.

A significant association between serum Mg concentration and radiographic OA of the knee was observed in a model after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI, and also in a multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, BMI, educational achievement level, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, physical activity level, nutritional supplements, use of aspirin, serum uric acid concentration, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension (Table 3). The OR (95% CI) for radiographic knee OA adjusted by age, sex, and BMI from the first to the fourth quartiles of serum Mg concentration were 1 (reference), 0.93 (95% CI 0.74–1.17), 0.95 (95% CI 0.76–1.19), and 0.75 (95% CI 0.59–0.95), respectively. A clear trend was observed (p for trend was 0.03). The relative odds of radiographic OA of the knee were decreased by 0.75 times in the fourth quartile of serum Mg concentration compared with those in the lowest, reference quartile. The multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) for radiographic OA of the knee from the first to the fourth serum Mg concentration quartiles were 1 (reference), 0.90 (95% CI 0.71–1.13), 0.92 (95% CI 0.73–1.16), and 0.72 (95% CI 0.57–0.92), respectively, and a clear trend was observed (p for trend was 0.01). The relative odds of radiographic OA of the knee were decreased by 0.72 times in the fourth quartile of serum Mg concentration compared with the lowest quartile. The adjusted OR of each 0.01 mmol/l increase in serum Mg concentration based on the multivariable model was 0.99 (95% CI 0.98–1.00, p = 0.04).

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
Table 3.

Multivariable-adjusted associations of serum Mg and radiographic knee OA (n = 2855). Values are adjusted OR (95% CI) unless otherwise indicated.

BMI (< 30, ≥ 30 kg/m2) and alcohol drinking status (yes/no) were found to be interacted with serum Mg. Table 4 shows the multivariable-adjusted associations identified in subgroup analyses stratified BMI (< 30, ≥ 30 kg/m2) and alcohol drinking status (yes/no); a clear trend was observed for an elevated serum Mg concentration in nonobese (BMI < 30 kg/m2, p for trend was 0.01) and non-drinkers (p for trend was 0.00). Sensitivity analysis including subjects who did not report their health-related behaviors (4878 participants) did not alter the nature of the associations detected. The OR (95% CI) for radiographic OA of the knee adjusted by age, sex, and BMI from the first to the fourth quartiles of serum Mg concentration were 1, 0.98 (95% CI 0.83–1.16), 0.91 (95% CI 0.77–1.09), and 0.79 (95% CI 0.66–0.95), respectively, and a clear trend was observed (p for trend was 0.00). The relative odds of radiographic OA of the knee were decreased by 0.79 times in the fourth quartile of serum Mg concentration compared with the lowest quartile.

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
Table 4.

Subgroup analysis of multivariable-adjusted associations of serum Mg and radiographic knee OA (n = 2855). Values are adjusted OR (95% CI) unless otherwise indicated.

DISCUSSION

This cross-sectional study identified an inverse relationship between serum Mg concentration and radiographic OA of the knee that was independent of some major confounding factors. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first study to have examined the association between serum Mg concentration and radiographic OA of the knee in a large sample. The extent of the association that we found was nonetheless consistent with previous research13,14,17. Hunter, et al13 observed a significant decrease in serum Mg level in the co-twins with OA from 229 female white twin pairs aged from 24 to 79 years. The BMI-adjusted OR was 0.91 (95% CI 0.46–0.92). Qin, et al14 reported that the relative odds of radiographic knee OA were decreased by 0.52 times in the second quintile and 0.60 in the fourth quintile of Mg intake compared with those in the lowest quintile in 1447 whites aged over 45 years, but this significant difference did not exist in African Americans.

The potential benefits of Mg on chondrocyte have been investigated in vitro and in animal models18,19,20,21. Addition of Mg to culture medium reportedly reduces the toxicity of local anesthetics to chondrocytes18. Mg has also been proposed as a useful tool in cartilage tissue engineering because it reportedly enhances chondrocyte proliferation and redifferentiation19, as well as protecting against a substantial proportion of quinolone-induced chondrocyte damage in vitro20. Further, distal femur articular cartilage chondrocyte density is significantly reduced in some animal experiments if dietary Mg is restricted21. Our findings suggest that the relative odds of radiographic OA of the knee were decreased by 0.75 times in the fourth quartile (1.00 mmol/l) when compared with the lowest quartile (0.84 mmol/l). The mean dietary Mg intake in the fourth quartile was 381.42 mg/day, which slightly exceeds the recommended daily allowance of Mg (350 mg/day) in China. This suggests that sufficient intake of Mg-rich foods, such as whole grains, legumes, leafy green vegetable, and nuts, could be beneficial for patients with OA, although this would require further research.

Several cross-sectional studies have reported an association between dietary Mg intake and serum CRP concentration22,23,24,25,26,27,28, including a recent metaanalysis29. In addition, oral Mg supplementation has been shown to reduce CRP concentration in some randomized controlled trials30,31, and hsCRP was recently reported to correlate with radiological findings in the knee joint9. Although it is well recognized that inflammation plays a key role in the pathophysiology of OA32, there is still debate about the relationship between Mg supplementation and blood CRP concentration, and the association between CRP and the incidence of OA33,34,35,36,37. Our findings do not allow us to conclude that low serum Mg concentration increases the risk of OA because of its influence on systemic inflammation. Nevertheless, given the potential therapeutic effect of Mg supplementation and the prevalence and disease burden of OA, further prospective studies are warranted.

Our present study has several strengths. It is the first, to our knowledge, conducted on a large sample (2855 subjects) that aimed to directly correlate serum Mg concentration with OA. Second, the multivariable model was adjusted for a considerable number of potentially confounding factors, a step that greatly improves the reliability of the results. Third, the serum Mg concentration is a better indicator of the compartmentalization or renal handling of total body Mg than dietary Mg intake in normal diets38.

Limitations of our present study should also be noted. Its cross-sectional design precludes causal correlations, and further prospective research and interventional trials will be needed to establish the causal or effect association between serum Mg concentration and OA of the knee. Because no previous study that we know of examined the association between serum Mg and knee OA in a large sample, the value of this research should not be blotted out by the cross-sectional nature. Another limitation is that a single measurement of serum Mg concentration may not fully reflect the longterm Mg status39, and we cannot comment on likely serum concentration before OA developed, particularly because drugs may have influenced the concentration. Third, serum Mg concentration may not reflect the concentration in synovial fluid. Finally, a weak positive association between serum Mg concentration and dietary Mg intake was observed in the study population. However, this result was consistent with previous studies38,40,41,42,43,44. Thus, the serum Mg level may not be a good biomarker of dietary Mg intake.

Serum Mg concentration may have an inverse relationship with radiographic OA of the knee. High level of Mg could possibly exert a protective role in the control of radiographic knee OA.

Footnotes

  • Supported by the Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation For Postgraduate (CX2014A005), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO. 81201420, 81272034, 81472130), the Provincial Science Foundation of Hunan (NO. 14JJ3032), the Scientific Research Project of the Development and Reform Commission of Hunan Province ([2013]1199), the Scientific Research Project of Science and Technology Office of Hunan Province (2013SK2018), the Doctoral Scientific Fund Project of the Ministry of Education of China (20120162110036).

  • Accepted for publication March 24, 2015.

REFERENCES

  1. 1.↵
    1. Jordan JM,
    2. Helmick CG,
    3. Renner JB,
    4. Luta G,
    5. Dragomir AD,
    6. Woodard J,
    7. et al.
    Prevalence of knee symptoms and radiographic and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in African Americans and Caucasians: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. J Rheumatol 2007;34:172–80.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  2. 2.↵
    1. Ho-Pham LT,
    2. Lai TQ,
    3. Mai LD,
    4. Doan MC,
    5. Pham HN,
    6. Nguyen TV
    . Prevalence of radiographic osteoarthritis of the knee and its relationship to self-reported pain. PLos One 2014;9:e94563.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  3. 3.↵
    1. Yoshimura N,
    2. Muraki S,
    3. Oka H,
    4. Kawaguchi H,
    5. Nakamura K,
    6. Akune T
    . Association of knee osteoarthritis with the accumulation of metabolic risk factors such as overweight, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose tolerance in Japanese men and women: the ROAD study. J Rheumatol 2011;38:921–30.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  4. 4.↵
    1. Salve H,
    2. Gupta V,
    3. Palanivel C,
    4. Yadav K,
    5. Singh B
    . Prevalence of knee osteoarthritis amongst perimenopausal women in an urban resettlement colony in South Delhi. Indian J Public Health 2010;54:155–7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  5. 5.↵
    1. Yoshimura N,
    2. Muraki S,
    3. Oka H,
    4. Mabuchi A,
    5. En-Yo Y,
    6. Yoshida M,
    7. et al.
    Prevalence of knee osteoarthritis, lumbar spondylosis, and osteoporosis in Japanese men and women: the research on osteoarthritis/osteoporosis against disability study. J Bone Miner Metab 2009;27:620–8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  6. 6.↵
    1. Zeng QY,
    2. Zang CH,
    3. Li XF,
    4. Dong HY,
    5. Zhang AL,
    6. Lin L
    . Associated risk factors of knee osteoarthritis: a population survey in Taiyuan, China. Chin Med J 2006;119:1522–7.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  7. 7.↵
    1. Kang X,
    2. Fransen M,
    3. Zhang Y,
    4. Li H,
    5. Ke Y,
    6. Lu M,
    7. et al.
    The high prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in a rural Chinese population: the Wuchuan osteoarthritis study. Arthritis Rheum 2009;61:641–7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  8. 8.↵
    1. Goggs R,
    2. Vaughan-Thomas A,
    3. Clegg PD,
    4. Carter SD,
    5. Innes JF,
    6. Mobasheri A,
    7. et al.
    Nutraceutical therapies for degenerative joint diseases: a critical review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2005;45:145–64.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  9. 9.↵
    1. Arendt-Nielsen L,
    2. Eskehave TN,
    3. Egsgaard LL,
    4. Petersen KK,
    5. Graven-Nielsen T,
    6. Hoeck HC,
    7. et al.
    Association between experimental pain biomarkers and serologic markers in patients with different degrees of painful knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014;66:3317–26.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  10. 10.↵
    1. Rodríguez-Morán M,
    2. Guerrero-Romero F
    . Serum magnesium and C-reactive protein levels. Arch Dis Child 2008;93:676–80.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  11. 11.↵
    1. Tam M,
    2. Gómez S,
    3. González-Gross M,
    4. Marcos A
    . Possible roles of magnesium on the immune system. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003;57:1193–7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  12. 12.↵
    1. Guerassimov A,
    2. Zhang Y,
    3. Cartman A,
    4. Rosenberq LC,
    5. Esdaile J,
    6. Fitzcharles MA,
    7. et al.
    Immune responses to cartilage link protein and the G1 domain of proteoglycan aggrecan in patients with osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:527–33.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  13. 13.↵
    1. Hunter DJ,
    2. Hart D,
    3. Snieder H,
    4. Bettica P,
    5. Swaminathan R,
    6. Spector TD
    . Evidence of altered bone turnover, vitamin D and calcium regulation with knee osteoarthritis in female twins. Rheumatology 2003;42:1311–6.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  14. 14.↵
    1. Qin B,
    2. Shi X,
    3. Samai PS,
    4. Renner JB,
    5. Jordan JM,
    6. He K
    . Association of dietary magnesium intake with radiographic knee osteoarthritis: results from a population-based study. Arthritis Care Res 2012;64:1306–11.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  15. 15.↵
    1. Zhang Y,
    2. Zeng C,
    3. Li H,
    4. Yang T,
    5. Deng ZH,
    6. Yang Y,
    7. et al.
    Relationship between cigarette smoking and radiographic knee osteoarthritis in Chinese population: a cross-sectional study. Rheumatol Int 2015 Jan 15 (E-pub ahead of print).
  16. 16.↵
    1. Kellgren JH,
    2. Lawrence JS
    . Radiological assessment of osteo-arthrosis. Ann Rheum Dis 1957;16:494–502.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  17. 17.↵
    1. Fincham JE,
    2. Hough FS,
    3. Taljaard JJ,
    4. Weidemann A,
    5. Schutte CH
    . Mseleni joint disease. Part II. Low serum calcium and magnesium levels in women. S Afr Med J 1986;70:740–2.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  18. 18.↵
    1. Baker JF,
    2. Byrne DP,
    3. Walsh PM,
    4. Mulhall KJ
    . Human chondrocyte viability after treatment with local anesthetic and/or magnesium: results from an in vitro study. Arthroscopy 2011;27:213–7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  19. 19.↵
    1. Feyerabend F,
    2. Witte F,
    3. Kammal M,
    4. Willumeit R
    . Unphysiologically high magnesium concentrations support chondrocyte proliferation and redifferentiation. Tissue Eng 2006;12:3545–56.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  20. 20.↵
    1. Egerbacher M,
    2. Wolfesberger B,
    3. Gabler C
    . In vitro evidence for effects of magnesium supplementation on quinolone-treated horse and dog chondrocytes. Vet Pathol 2001;38:143–8.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  21. 21.↵
    1. Gruber HE,
    2. Ingram J,
    3. Norton HJ,
    4. Wei LY,
    5. Frausto A,
    6. Mills BG,
    7. et al.
    Alterations in growth plate and articular cartilage morphology are associated with reduced SOX9 localization in the magnesium-deficient rat. Biotech Histochem 2004;79:45–52.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  22. 22.↵
    1. Song Y,
    2. Ridker PM,
    3. Manson JE,
    4. Cook NR,
    5. Buring JE,
    6. Liu S
    . Magnesium intake, C-reactive protein, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older U.S. women. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1438–44.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  23. 23.↵
    1. King DE,
    2. Mainous AG 3rd,
    3. Geesey ME,
    4. Ellis T
    . Magnesium intake and serum C-reactive protein levels in children. Magnes Res 2007;20:32–6.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  24. 24.↵
    1. Chacko SA,
    2. Song Y,
    3. Nathan L,
    4. Tinker L,
    5. de Boer IH,
    6. Tylavsky F,
    7. et al.
    Relations of dietary magnesium intake to biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in an ethnically diverse cohort of postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care 2010;33:304–10.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  25. 25.↵
    1. de Oliveira Otto MC,
    2. Alonso A,
    3. Lee DH,
    4. Delclos GL,
    5. Jenny NS,
    6. Jiang R,
    7. et al.
    Dietary micronutrient intakes are associated with markers of inflammation but not with markers of subclinical atherosclerosis. J Nutr 2011;141:1508–15.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  26. 26.↵
    1. Song Y,
    2. Li TY,
    3. van Dam RM,
    4. Manson JE,
    5. Hu FB
    . Magnesium intake and plasma concentrations of markers of systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:1068–74.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  27. 27.↵
    1. Bo S,
    2. Durazzo M,
    3. Guidi S,
    4. Carello M,
    5. Sacerdote C,
    6. Silli B,
    7. et al.
    Dietary magnesium and fiber intakes and inflammatory and metabolic indicators in middle-aged subjects from a population-based cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:1062–9.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  28. 28.↵
    1. King DE,
    2. Mainous AG 3rd,
    3. Geesey ME,
    4. Woolson RF
    . Dietary magnesium and C-reactive protein levels. J Am Coll Nutr 2005;24:166–71.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  29. 29.↵
    1. Dibaba DT,
    2. Xun P,
    3. He K
    . Dietary magnesium intake is inversely associated with serum C-reactive protein levels: meta-analysis and systematic review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014;68:510–6.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  30. 30.↵
    1. Simental-Mendía LE,
    2. Rodríguez-Morán M,
    3. Guerrero-Romero F
    . Oral magnesium supplementation decreases C-reactive protein levels in subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesemia: a clinical randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Arch Med Res 2014;45:325–30.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  31. 31.↵
    1. Almoznino-Sarafian D,
    2. Berman S,
    3. Mor A,
    4. Shteinshnaider M,
    5. Gorelik O,
    6. Tzur I,
    7. et al.
    Magnesium and C-reactive protein in heart failure: an anti-inflammatory effect of magnesium administration? Eur J Nutr 2007;46:230–7.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  32. 32.↵
    1. Bonnet CS,
    2. Walsh DA
    . Osteoarthritis, angiogenesis and inflammation. Rheumatology 2005;44:7–16.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  33. 33.↵
    1. Mortazavi M,
    2. Moeinzadeh F,
    3. Saadatnia M,
    4. Shahidi S,
    5. McGee JC,
    6. Minagar A
    . Effect of magnesium supplementation on carotid intima-media thickness and flow-mediated dilatation among hemodialysis patients: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neurol 2013;69:309–16.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  34. 34.↵
    1. Simental-Mendía LE,
    2. Rodríguez-Morán M,
    3. Reyes-Romero MA,
    4. Guerrero-Romero F
    . No positive effect of oral magnesium supplementation in the decreases of inflammation in subjects with prediabetes: a pilot study. Magnes Res 2012;25:140–6.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  35. 35.↵
    1. Moslehi N,
    2. Vafa M,
    3. Rahimi-Foroushani A,
    4. Golestan B
    . Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on inflammatory markers in middle-aged overweight women. J Res Med Sci 2012;17:607–14.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  36. 36.↵
    1. Kazaks AG,
    2. Uriu-Adams JY,
    3. Albertson TE,
    4. Shenoy SF,
    5. Stern JS
    . Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on measures of airway resistance and subjective assessment of asthma control and quality of life in men and women with mild to moderate asthma: a randomized placebo controlled trial. J Asthma 2010;47:83–92.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  37. 37.↵
    1. Jin X,
    2. Bequerie JR,
    3. Zhang W,
    4. Blizzard L,
    5. Otahal P,
    6. Jones G,
    7. et al.
    Circulating C reactive protein in osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 2015;74:703–10.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  38. 38.↵
    1. Ma J,
    2. Folsom AR,
    3. Melnick SL,
    4. Eckfeldt JH,
    5. Sharrett AR,
    6. Nabulsi AA,
    7. et al.
    Associations of serum and dietary magnesium with cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, insulin, and carotid arterial wall thickness: the ARIC study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1995;48:927–40.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  39. 39.↵
    1. Fortmann SP,
    2. Burda BU,
    3. Senger CA,
    4. Lin JS,
    5. Whitlock EP
    . Vitamin and mineral supplements in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: an updated systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2013;159:824–34.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  40. 40.↵
    1. Misialek JR,
    2. Lopez FL,
    3. Lutsey PL,
    4. Huxley RR,
    5. Peacock JM,
    6. Chen LY,
    7. et al.
    Serum and dietary magnesium and incidence of atrial fibrillation in whites and in African Americans—Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Circ J 2013;77:323–9.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  41. 41.↵
    1. Chiuve SE,
    2. Korngold EC,
    3. Januzzi JL Jr,
    4. Gantzer ML,
    5. Albert CM
    . Plasma and dietary magnesium and risk of sudden cardiac death in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:253–60.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  42. 42.↵
    1. Czernichow S,
    2. Zarebska M,
    3. Preziosi P,
    4. Duport N,
    5. Arnaud J,
    6. Laffond JL,
    7. et al.
    Relationship between serum, red cell, urinary and dietary magnesium in a middle-aged French adult population. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2004;74:123–8.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  43. 43.↵
    1. Peacock JM,
    2. Folsom AR,
    3. Arnett DK,
    4. Eckfeldt JH,
    5. Szklo M
    . Relationship of serum and dietary magnesium to incident hypertension: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Ann Epidemiol 1999;9:159–65.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  44. 44.↵
    1. Moser PB,
    2. Issa CF,
    3. Reynolds RD
    . Dietary magnesium intake and the concentration of magnesium in plasma and erythrocytes of postpartum women. J Am Coll Nutr 1983;2:387–96.
    OpenUrlPubMed
View Abstract
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

The Journal of Rheumatology
Vol. 42, Issue 7
1 Jul 2015
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Index by Author
  • Editorial Board (PDF)
Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about The Journal of Rheumatology.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Relationship between Serum Magnesium Concentration and Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis
(Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from The Journal of Rheumatology
(Your Name) thought you would like to see this page from the The Journal of Rheumatology web site.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Citation Tools
Relationship between Serum Magnesium Concentration and Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis
Chao Zeng, Jie Wei, Hui Li, Tuo Yang, Fang-Jie Zhang, Ding Pan, Yong-Bing Xiao, Tu-Bao Yang, Guang-Hua Lei
The Journal of Rheumatology Jul 2015, 42 (7) 1231-1236; DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.141414

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero

 Request Permissions

Share
Relationship between Serum Magnesium Concentration and Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis
Chao Zeng, Jie Wei, Hui Li, Tuo Yang, Fang-Jie Zhang, Ding Pan, Yong-Bing Xiao, Tu-Bao Yang, Guang-Hua Lei
The Journal of Rheumatology Jul 2015, 42 (7) 1231-1236; DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.141414
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • MATERIALS AND METHODS
    • RESULTS
    • DISCUSSION
    • Footnotes
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • References
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
  • eLetters

Keywords

KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
SERUM MAGNESIUM
CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Related Articles

Cited By...

More in this TOC Section

  • Incidence Rates of Psoriasis in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Juvenile Arthritis Treated With Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors and Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
  • COVID-19 vaccine uptake among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in the American Midwest: The Lupus Midwest Network (LUMEN)
  • Association of M2 Macrophages, Th2, and B Cells With Pathomechanism in Microscopic Polyangiitis Complicated by Interstitial Lung Disease
Show more Article

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • knee osteoarthritis
  • SERUM MAGNESIUM
  • CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Content

  • First Release
  • Current
  • Archives
  • Collections
  • Audiovisual Rheum
  • COVID-19 and Rheumatology

Resources

  • Guide for Authors
  • Submit Manuscript
  • Author Payment
  • Reviewers
  • Advertisers
  • Classified Ads
  • Reprints and Translations
  • Permissions
  • Meetings
  • FAQ
  • Policies

Subscribers

  • Subscription Information
  • Purchase Subscription
  • Your Account
  • Terms and Conditions

More

  • About Us
  • Contact Us
  • My Alerts
  • My Folders
  • Privacy/GDPR Policy
  • RSS Feeds
The Journal of Rheumatology
The content of this site is intended for health care professionals.
Copyright © 2022 by The Journal of Rheumatology Publishing Co. Ltd.
Print ISSN: 0315-162X; Online ISSN: 1499-2752
Powered by HighWire