Disease Activity in Ankylosing Spondylitis and Associations to Markers of Vascular Pathology and Traditional Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Cross-sectional Study

REFERENCES

1. 1.↵
   1. Lehtinen K

   . Mortality and causes of death in 398 patients admitted to hospital with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 1993;52:174–6.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
2. 2.↵
   1. Bakland G,
   2. Gran JT,
   3. Nossent JC

   . Increased mortality in ankylosing spondylitis is related to disease activity. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:1921–5.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
3. 3.↵
   1. Zochling J,
   2. Braun J

   . Mortality in ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2008;26 Suppl 51:S80–4.

   OpenUrlPubMed
4. 4.↵
   1. Bremander A,
   2. Petersson IF,
   3. Bergman S,
   4. Englund M

   . Population-based estimates of common comorbidities and cardiovascular disease in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Care Res 2011;63:550–6.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
5. 5.↵
   1. Szabo SM,
   2. Levy AR,
   3. Rao SR,
   4. Kirbach SE,
   5. Lacaille D,
   6. Cifaldi M,
   7. et al.

   Increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in individuals with ankylosing spondylitis: a population-based study. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63:3294–304.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
6. 6.↵
   1. del Rincón I,
   2. Freeman GL,
   3. Haas RW,
   4. O’Leary DH,
   5. Escalante A

   . Relative contribution of cardiovascular risk factors and rheumatoid arthritis clinical manifestations to atherosclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:3413–23.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
7. 7.↵
   1. Böger RH,
   2. Bode-Böger SM,
   3. Szuba A,
   4. Tsao PS,
   5. Chan JR,
   6. Tangphao O,
   7. et al.

   Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA): a novel risk factor for endothelial dysfunction: its role in hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 1998;98:1842–7.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
8. 8.↵
   1. Laurent S,
   2. Cockcroft J,
   3. Van Bortel L,
   4. Boutouyrie P,
   5. Giannattasio C,
   6. Hayoz D,
   7. et al.

   Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J 2006;27:2588–605.

   OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
9. 9.↵
   1. Sari I,
   2. Kebapcilar L,
   3. Alacacioglu A,
   4. Bilgir O,
   5. Yildiz Y,
   6. Taylan A,
   7. et al.

   Increased levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Intern Med 2009;48:1363–8.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
10. 10.↵
    1. Capkin E,
    2. Kiris A,
    3. Karkucak M,
    4. Durmus I,
    5. Gokmen F,
    6. Cansu A,
    7. et al.

    Investigation of effects of different treatment modalities on structural and functional vessel wall properties in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Joint Bone Spine 2011;78:378–82.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
11. 11.↵
    1. Mathieu S,
    2. Gossec L,
    3. Dougados M,
    4. Soubrier M

    . Cardiovascular profile in ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res 2011;63:557–63.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
12. 12.↵
    1. Antoniades C,
    2. Demosthenous M,
    3. Tousoulis D,
    4. Antonopoulos AS,
    5. Vlachopoulos C,
    6. Toutouza M,
    7. et al.

    Role of asymmetrical dimethylarginine in inflammation-induced endothelial dysfunction in human atherosclerosis. Hypertension 2011;58:93–8.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
13. 13.↵
    1. Khan F,
    2. Galarraga B,
    3. Belch JJ

    . The role of endothelial function and its assessment in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010;6:253–61.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
14. 14.↵
    1. Vlachopoulos C,
    2. Dima I,
    3. Aznaouridis K,
    4. Vasiliadou C,
    5. Ioakeimidis N,
    6. Aggeli C,
    7. et al.

    Acute systemic inflammation increases arterial stiffness and decreases wave reflections in healthy individuals. Circulation 2005;112:2193–200.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
15. 15.↵
    1. McEniery CM,
    2. Spratt M,
    3. Munnery M,
    4. Yarnell J,
    5. Lowe GD,
    6. Rumley A,
    7. et al.

    An analysis of prospective risk factors for aortic stiffness in men: 20-year follow-up from the Caerphilly prospective study. Hypertension 2010;56:36–43.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
16. 16.↵
    1. Sarli B,
    2. Baktir AO,
    3. Cebicci M,
    4. Dogan Y,
    5. Demirbas M,
    6. Kurtul S,
    7. et al.

    Predictors of endothelial dysfunction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Angiology 2014;65:778–82.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
17. 17.↵
    1. Provan SA,
    2. Semb AG,
    3. Hisdal J,
    4. Stranden E,
    5. Agewall S,
    6. Dagfinrud H,
    7. et al.

    Remission is the goal for cardiovascular risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional comparative study. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:812–7.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
18. 18.↵
    1. van der Linden S,
    2. Valkenburg HA,
    3. Cats A

    . Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis. A proposal for modification of the New York criteria. Arthritis Rheum 1984;27:361–8.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
19. 19.↵
    1. Garrett S,
    2. Jenkinson T,
    3. Kennedy LG,
    4. Whitelock H,
    5. Gaisford P,
    6. Calin A

    . A new approach to defining disease status in ankylosing spondylitis: the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index. J Rheumatol 1994;21:2286–91.

    OpenUrlPubMed
20. 20.↵
    1. van der Heijde D,
    2. Lie E,
    3. Kvien TK,
    4. Sieper J,
    5. Van den Bosch F,
    6. Listing J,
    7. et al.

    ASDAS, a highly discriminatory ASAS-endorsed disease activity score in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:1811–8.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
21. 21.↵
    1. Friedewald WT,
    2. Levy RI,
    3. Fredrickson DS

    . Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972;18:499–502.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
22. 22.↵
    1. de Jong S,
    2. Teerlink T

    . Analysis of asymmetric dimethylarginine in plasma by HPLC using a monolithic column. Anal Biochem 2006;353:287–9.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
23. 23.↵
    1. Pauca AL,
    2. O’Rourke MF,
    3. Kon ND

    . Prospective evaluation of a method for estimating ascending aortic pressure from the radial artery pressure waveform. Hypertension 2001;38:932–7.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
24. 24.↵
    1. Catapano AL,
    2. Reiner Z,
    3. De Backer G,
    4. Graham I,
    5. Taskinen MR,
    6. Wiklund O,
    7. et al.

    ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Atherosclerosis 2011;217:3–46.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
25. 25.↵
    1. D’Agostino RB Sr.,
    2. Vasan RS,
    3. Pencina MJ,
    4. Wolf PA,
    5. Cobain M,
    6. Massaro JM,
    7. et al.

    General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2008;117:743–53.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
26. 26.↵
    1. Ridker PM,
    2. Buring JE,
    3. Rifai N,
    4. Cook NR

    . Development and validation of improved algorithms for the assessment of global cardiovascular risk in women: the Reynolds Risk Score. JAMA 2007;297:611–9.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
27. 27.↵
    1. Ridker PM,
    2. Paynter NP,
    3. Rifai N,
    4. Gaziano JM,
    5. Cook NR

    . C-reactive protein and parental history improve global cardiovascular risk prediction: the Reynolds Risk Score for men. Circulation 2008;118:2243–51, 4p.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
28. 28.↵
    1. Machado P,
    2. Landewé R,
    3. Lie E,
    4. Kvien TK,
    5. Braun J,
    6. Baker D,
    7. et al.

    Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS): defining cut-off values for disease activity states and improvement scores. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:47–53.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
29. 29.↵
    1. Leong T,
    2. Zylberstein D,
    3. Graham I,
    4. Lissner L,
    5. Ward D,
    6. Fogarty J,
    7. et al.

    Asymmetric dimethylarginine independently predicts fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke in women: 24-year follow-up of the population study of women in Gothenburg. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28:961–7.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
30. 30.↵
    1. Vallance P,
    2. Leone A,
    3. Calver A,
    4. Collier J,
    5. Moncada S

    . Accumulation of an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis in chronic renal failure. Lancet 1992;339:572–5.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
31. 31.↵
    1. Bode-Böger SM,
    2. Scalera F,
    3. Ignarro LJ

    . The L-arginine paradox: Importance of the L-arginine/asymmetrical dimethylarginine ratio. Pharmacol Ther 2007;114:295–306.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
32. 32.↵
    1. Chen XM,
    2. Hu CP,
    3. Li YJ,
    4. Jiang JL

    . Cardiovascular risk in autoimmune disorders: role of asymmetric dimethylarginine. Eur J Pharmacol 2012;696:5–11.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
33. 33.↵
    1. Genre F,
    2. López-Mejias R,
    3. Miranda-Filloy JA,
    4. Carnero-López B,
    5. Gómez-Acebo I,
    6. Blanco R,
    7. et al.

    Asymmetric dimethylarginine serum levels in non-diabetic ankylosing spondylitis patients undergoing TNF-alpha antagonist therapy. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2013;31:749–55.

    OpenUrlPubMed
34. 34.↵
    1. Erre GL,
    2. Sanna P,
    3. Zinellu A,
    4. Ponchietti A,
    5. Fenu P,
    6. Sotgia S,
    7. et al.

    Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels and atherosclerotic disease in ankylosing spondylitis: a cross-sectional study. Clin Rheumatol 2011;30:21–7.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
35. 35.↵
    1. Vlachopoulos C,
    2. Aznaouridis K,
    3. O’Rourke MF,
    4. Safar ME,
    5. Baou K,
    6. Stefanadis C

    . Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with central haemodynamics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2010;31:1865–71.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
36. 36.↵
    1. Mathieu S,
    2. Joly H,
    3. Baron G,
    4. Tournadre A,
    5. Dubost JJ,
    6. Ristori JM,
    7. et al.

    Trend towards increased arterial stiffness or intima-media thickness in ankylosing spondylitis patients without clinically evident cardiovascular disease. Rheumatology 2008;47:1203–7.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
37. 37.↵
    1. Bodnár N,
    2. Kerekes G,
    3. Seres I,
    4. Paragh G,
    5. Kappelmayer J,
    6. Nemethne ZG,
    7. et al.

    Assessment of subclinical vascular disease associated with ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol 2011;38:723–9.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
38. 38.↵
    1. Kerekes G,
    2. Soltész P,
    3. Nurmohamed MT,
    4. Gonzalez-Gay MA,
    5. Turiel M,
    6. Végh E,
    7. et al.

    Validated methods for assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis in rheumatology. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2012;8:224–34.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
39. 39.↵
    1. Pieringer H,
    2. Pichler M

    . Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: vascular alterations and possible clinical implications. QJM 2011;104:13–26.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
40. 40.↵
    1. Provan SA,
    2. Angel K,
    3. Semb AG,
    4. Mowinckel P,
    5. Agewall S,
    6. Atar D,
    7. et al.

    Early prediction of increased arterial stiffness in patients with chronic inflammation: a 15-year followup study of 108 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2011;38:606–12.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
41. 41.↵
    1. Divecha H,
    2. Sattar N,
    3. Rumley A,
    4. Cherry L,
    5. Lowe GD,
    6. Sturrock R

    . Cardiovascular risk parameters in men with ankylosing spondylitis in comparison with non-inflammatory control subjects: relevance of systemic inflammation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2005;109:171–6.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
42. 42.↵
    1. van Halm VP,
    2. van Denderen JC,
    3. Peters MJ,
    4. Twisk JW,
    5. van der Paardt M,
    6. van der Horst-Bruinsma IE,
    7. et al.

    Increased disease activity is associated with a deteriorated lipid profile in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:1473–7.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
43. 43.↵
    1. van Eijk IC,
    2. De Vries MK,
    3. Levels JH,
    4. Peters MJ,
    5. Huizer EE,
    6. Dijkmans BA,
    7. et al.

    Improvement of lipid profile is accompanied by atheroprotective alterations in high-density lipoprotein composition upon tumor necrosis factor blockade: a prospective cohort study in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60:1324–30.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
44. 44.↵
    1. Semb AG,
    2. Kvien TK,
    3. Aastveit AH,
    4. Jungner I,
    5. Pedersen TR,
    6. Walldius G,
    7. et al.

    Lipids, myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the Apolipoprotein-related Mortality RISk (AMORIS) Study. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1996–2001.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
45. 45.↵
    1. Scotece M,
    2. Conde J,
    3. Gómez R,
    4. López V,
    5. Pino J,
    6. González A,
    7. et al.

    Role of adipokines in atherosclerosis: interferences with cardiovascular complications in rheumatic diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2012;2012:125458.

    OpenUrlPubMed
46. 46.↵
    1. Yudkin JS,
    2. Stehouwer CD,
    3. Emeis JJ,
    4. Coppack SW

    . C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:972–8.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
47. 47.↵
    1. Buckley DI,
    2. Fu R,
    3. Freeman M,
    4. Rogers K,
    5. Helfand M

    . C-reactive protein as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analyses for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2009;151:483–95.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
48. 48.↵
    1. Gonzalez A,
    2. Maradit KH,
    3. Crowson CS,
    4. Ballman KV,
    5. Roger VL,
    6. Jacobsen SJ,
    7. et al.

    Do cardiovascular risk factors confer the same risk for cardiovascular outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis patients as in non-rheumatoid arthritis patients? Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:64–9.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
49. 49.↵
    1. Arts EE,
    2. Popa C,
    3. den Broeder AA,
    4. Semb AG,
    5. Toms T,
    6. Kitas GD,
    7. et al.

    Performance of four current risk algorithms in predicting cardiovascular events in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014 Jan 3 (E-pub ahead of print).
50. 50.↵
    1. Bender R,
    2. Lange S

    . Adjusting for multiple testing—when and how? J Clin Epidemiol 2001;54:343–9.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed