Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Selected excerpts from the Pediatric Rheumatic Disease Questionnaire. Representative elements pertinent to the current study are depicted. The questionnaire was designed by our clinic and intended as a screening questionnaire that could help inform future studies. The questionnaire comprised 160 questions and collected demographic characteristics (e.g., age, sex, ethnicity); epidemiologic information (e.g., region of residence and parental marital, health and occupational status); stressful life events; family history; and pregnancy, developmental, immunization, and past medical histories.
- Figure 2.
Depiction of the number of children in the juvenile arthritis and control population groups.
Tables
n Sex M, %; F, % Age, yrs mean ± SD Oligoarticular Oligoarticular JIA 213 34:66 6.9 ± 4.3 Olligoarticular control 515 35:65 8.5 ± 3.8 Polyarticular Polyarticular JIA 120 24:76 10.6 ± 4.7 Polyarticular control 798 24:76 10.7 ± 4.1 Polyarticular RF– Polyarticular RF− 92 27:73 9.8 ± 4.8 Polyarticular RF− control 824 27:73 10.6 ± 4.2 Polyarticular RF+ Polyarticular RF+ JIA 28 14:86 13.2 ± 3.3 Polyarticular RF+ control 578 14:86 13.2 ± 3.1 Systemic Systemic JIA 40 60:40 7.4 ± 4.8 Systemic control 197 59:41 9.9 ± 4.3 -
JIA: juvenile idiopathic arthritis; RF−: rheumatoid factor negative; RF+: rheumatoid factor positive.
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- Table 2.
Comparing psychosocial factors, ethnicity, and rural/urban residency between entire juvenile arthritis (JA) and control groups.
Factor Entire JA Population, n (%) Controls, n (%) p OR (95% CI) Univariate analysis Parents separated (n = 1175)* Yes 40 (17.0) 89 (9.5) < 0.001 1.96 (1.31, 2.94) No 195 (83.0) 851 (90.5) One or both parents deceased (n = 1174) Yes 3 (1.3) 5 (0.5) 0.212 2.43 (0.58, 10.24) No 231 (98.7) 935 (99.5) Family currently ill (n = 1199) Yes 31 (12.9) 58 (6.1) < 0.0001 2.29 (1.44, 3.63) No 210 (87.1) 900 (93.9) Serious upsets (n = 549) Yes 29 (12.4) 9 (2.9) < 0.0001 4.81 (2.23, 10.37) No 205 (87.6) 306 (97.1) Significant losses (n = 548) Yes 6 (2.6) 8 (2.5) 0.968 1.02 (0.35, 2.99) No 226 (97.4) 308 (97.5) Anyone close to the child died (n = 556) Yes 20 (8.5) 34 (10.6) 0.397 0.78 (0.44, 1.39) No 216 (91.5) 286 (89.4) Problems getting along with others (n = 1183) Yes 35 (14.7) 60 (6.3) < 0.0001 2.54 (1.63, 3.96) No 203 (85.3) 885 (93.7) Mother employed outside home (n = 1179) Yes 130 (55.8) 627 (66.3) 0.003 0.64 (0.48, 0.86) No 103 (44.2) 319 (33.7) Ethnic groups (n = 1294) Aboriginal 48 (14.9) 33 (3.4) < 0.0001 4.96 (3.12, 7.88) Caucasian or other 275 (85.1) 938 (96.6) Urban/rural residence (n = 1340) Rural 176 (47.3) 478 (49.4) 0.498 0.92 (0.73, 1.17) Urban 196 (52.7) 490 (50.6) Lived in a city (n = 1251) Yes 134 (49.3) 494 (50.5) 0.727 0.95 (0.73, 1.25) No 138 (50.7) 485 (49.5) Multivariate analysis Parents separated 0.042 1.65 (1.02, 2.67) Member of family ill 0.012 1.94 (1.16, 3.26) Mother employed outside home 0.009 0.65 (0.47, 0.90) Problems getting along with others 0.001 2.37 (1.46, 3.85) Aboriginal 0.004 2.45 (1.34, 4.46) -
↵* n values in left column = (number of patients with JA plus number of controls) minus missing data.
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- Table 3.
Comparing psychosocial factors, ethnicity, and urban/rural residency between oligoarticular juvenile arthritis (JA) and control groups.
Factor Oligoarticular JA, n (%) Controls, n (%) p OR (95% CI) Univariate analysis Parents separated (n = 631)* Yes 18 (13.0) 39 (7.9) 0.063 1.75 (0.96, 3.16) No 120 (87.0) 454 (92.1) One or both parents deceased (n = 631) Yes 1 (0.7) 2 (0.4) 0.630 1.79 (0.16, 19.91) No 137 (99.3) 491 (99.6) Member of family ill (n = 639) Yes 21 (14.9) 22 (4.4) < 0.0001 3.79 (2.02, 7.11) No 120 (85.1) 476 (95.6) Serious upsets (n = 283) Yes 17 (12.7) 6 (4.0) 0.008 3.46 (1.32, 9.06) No 117 (87.3) 143 (96.0) Significant losses (n = 284) Yes 3 (2.2) 3 (2.0) 0.903 1.11 (0.22, 5.57) No 132 (97.8) 146 (98.0) Anyone close to the child died (n =286) Yes 9 (6.6) 15 (10.1) 0.287 0.63 (0.26, 1.49) No 128 (93.4) 134 (89.9) Problems getting along with others (n = 627) Yes 20 (14.6) 24 (4.9) < 0.0001 3.32 (1.77, 6.21) No 117 (85.4) 466 (95.1) Mother employed outside home (n = 634) Yes 84 (60.9) 322 (64.9) 0.381 0.84 (0.57, 1.24) No 54 (39.1) 174 (35.1) Ethnic groups (n = 694) Aboriginal 15 (8.0) 17 (3.4) 0.009 2.51 (1.23, 5.14) Caucasian or other 172 (92.0) 490 (96.6) Lived in a city (n = 664) Yes 85 (55.6) 274 (53.6) 0.673 1.08 (0.75, 1.55) No 68 (44.4) 237 (46.4) Urban/rural residence (n = 719) Rural 89 (41.8) 236 (46.6) 0.232 0.82 (0.59, 1.13) Urban 124 (58.2) 270 (53.4) Multivariate analysis Parents separated 0.230 1.52 (0.77, 2.99) Member of family ill 0.001 3.16 (1.61, 6.22) Problems getting along with others < 0.0001 3.42 (1.80, 6.52) Aboriginal 0.792 1.14 (0.42, 3.14) -
↵* n values in left column = (number of patients with JA plus number of controls) minus missing data.
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- Table 4.
Comparing psychosocial factors, ethnicity, and urban/rural residency between rheumatoid factor (RF) negative polyarticular juvenile arthritis (JA) and control groups.
Factor RF-negative Polyarticular JA, n (%) Controls, n (%) p OR (95% CI) Univariate analysis Parents separated (n = 848)* Yes 15 (23.8) 78 (9.9) 0.001 2.83 (1.52, 5.29) No 48 (76.2) 707 (90.1) One or both parents deceased (n = 849) Yes 2 (3.2) 5 (0.6) 0.089 5.12 (0.97, 26.94) No 61 (96.8) 781 (99.4) Member of family ill (n = 856) Yes 6 (9.8) 49 (6.2) 0.190 1.66 (0.68, 4.05) No 55 (90.2) 746 (93.8) Serious upsets (n = 321) Yes 9 (14.1) 5 (1.9) < 0.0001 8.25 (2.66, 25.57) No 55 (85.9) 252 (98.1) Significant losses (n = 319) Yes 3 (4.8) 5 (1.9) 0.189 2.56 (0.60, 11.03) No 59 (95.2) 252 (98.1) Anyone close to the child died (n = 323) Yes 9 (14.5) 27 (10.3) 0.348 1.47 (0.65, 3.31) No 53 (85.5) 234 (89.7) Problems getting along with others (n = 849) Yes 10 (15.9) 51 (6.5) 0.011 2.72 (1.31, 5.66) No 53 (84.1) 735 (93.5) Mother employed outside home (n = 852) Yes 29 (47.5) 525 (66.4) 0.003 0.46 (0.27, 0.78) No 32 (52.5) 266 (33.6) Ethnic groups (n = 887) Aboriginal 19 (25.0) 28 (3.5) < 0.0001 9.32 (4.91, 17.71) Caucasian or other 57 (75.0) 783 (96.5) Urban/rural residence (n = 899) Rural 51 (55.4) 395 (48.9) 0.238 1.30 (0.84, 2.00) Urban 41 (44.6) 412 (51.1) Lived in a city (n = 888) Yes 29 (40.3) 414 (50.7) 0.089 0.66 (0.40, 1.07) No 43 (59.7) 402 (49.3) Multivariate analysis Parents separated 0.026 2.45 (1.12, 5.41) Any member of the family currently ill 0.603 1.31 (0.47, 3.67) Mother employed outside the home 0.025 0.50 (0.27, 0.91) Have problems getting along with others 0.107 2.04 (0.86, 4.88) Aboriginal < 0.0001 4.66 (1.98, 10.95) -
↵* n values in left column = (number of patients with JA plus number of controls) minus missing data.
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- Table 5.
Comparing psychosocial factors, ethnicity, and urban/rural residency between rheumatoid factor (RF) positive polyarticular juvenile arthritis (JA) and control groups.
Factor RF-positive Polyarticular JA, n (%) Controls, n (%) p OR (95% CI) Univariate analysis Parents separated (n = 500)* Yes 0 (0.0) 1 (0.2) 0.975 — No 14 (100.0) 553 (99.8) Member of family ill (n = 576) Yes 3 (16.7) 43 (7.7) 0.167 2.39 (0.67, 8.60) No 15 (83.3) 515 (92.3) Serious upsets (n = 214) Yes 1 (5.9) 5 (2.5) 0.395 2.40 (0.26, 21.81) No 16 (94.1) 192 (97.5) Significant losses (n = 212) Yes 0 (0.0) 5 (2.6) 0.673 — No 16 (100.0) 191 (97.4) Anyone close to the child died (n = 218) Yes 2 (11.1) 23 (11.5) 0.659 0.96 (0.21, 4.45) No 16 (88.9) 177 (88.5) Problems getting along with others (n = 574) Yes 2 (10.5) 38 (6.8) 0.387 1.60 (0.36, 7.19) No 17 (89.5) 517 (93.2) Mother employed outside home (n = 573) Yes 6 (37.5) 370 (66.4) 0.016 0.30 (0.11, 0.85) No 10 (62.5) 187 (33.6) Ethnic groups (n = 594) Aboriginal 7 (31.8) 21 (3.7) < 0.0001 12.24 (4.52, 33.20) Caucasian or other 15 (68.2) 551 (96.3) Urban/rural residence (n = 595) Rural 16 (59.3) 248 (43.7) 0.111 1.88 (0.86, 4.12) Urban 11 (40.7) 320 (56.3) Lived in a city (n = 595) Yes 7 (30.4) 322 (56.3) 0.014 0.34 (0.14, 0.84) No 16 (69.6) 250 (43.7) Multivariate analysis Mother employed outside the home 0.252 0.52 (0.17, 1.60) Live in a city 0.160 0.42 (0.12, 1.41) Aboriginal < 0.0001 10.80 (3.22, 36.29) -
↵* n values in left column = (number of patients with JA plus number of controls) minus missing data.
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- Table 6.
Comparing psychosocial factors, ethnicity, and urban/rural residency between systemic juvenile arthritis (JA) and control groups.
Factor Systemic JRA, n (%) Controls, n (%) p OR (95% CI) Univariate analysis Parents separated (n = 208)* Yes 4 (21.1) 18 (9.5) 0.124 2.53 (0.76, 8.45) No 15 (78.9) 171 (90.5) One or both parents deceased (n = 208) Yes 0 (0.0) 2 (1.1) 0.825 — No 19 (100.0) 187 (98.9) Member of family ill (n = 213) Yes 1 (4.8) 12 (6.3) 0.626 0.75 (0.09, 6.07) No 20 (95.2) 180 (93.8) Serious upsets (n = 72) Yes 2 (10.5) 1 (1.9) 0.168 6.12 (0.52, 71.76) No 17 (89.5) 52 (98.1) Significant losses (n = 73) Yes 0 (0.0) 4 (7.4) 0.291 — No 19 (100.0) 50 (92.6) Anyone close to the child died (n = 73) Yes 0 (0.0) 7 (13.0) 0.109 — No 19 (100.0) 47 (87.0) Have problems getting along with others (n = 211) Yes 3 (15.8) 9 (4.7) 0.081 3.81 (0.94, 15.51) No 16 (84.2) 183 (95.3) Mother employed outside home (n = 209) Yes 11 (61.1) 119 (62.3) 0.921 0.95 (0.35, 2.56) No 7 (38.9) 72 (37.7) Ethnic groups (n = 233) Aboriginal 7 (18.4) 11 (5.6) 0.007 3.78 (1.36, 10.49) Caucasian 31 (81.6) 184 (94.4) Urban/rural residence (n = 235) Rural 20 (50.0) 67 (34.4) 0.062 1.91 (0.96, 3.80) Urban 20 (50.0) 128 (65.6) Lived in a city (n = 221) Yes 13 (54.2) 124 (62.9) 0.403 0.70 (0.30, 1.63) No 11 (45.8) 73 (37.1) Multivariate analysis Parents separated 0.248 2.23 (0.57, 8.71) Problems getting along with others 0.261 2.59 (0.49, 13.56) Aboriginal 0.442 1.90 (0.37, 9.78) -
↵* n values in left column = (number of patients with JA plus number of controls) minus missing data.
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