Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Frequency of hypertension (HT) in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and controls according to age. *40% vs 11% (OR 5.4, 95% CI 2.4–12.0). **74% vs 47% (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.6–6.5). ***56% vs 29% (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.9–5.0).
Tables
- Table 1.
Main characteristics of women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and age-matched control subjects. Data are expressed as median (interquartile range) or percentage.
Characteristic Women with SLE, n = 112 Controls, n = 223 *p Age, yrs 40 (32–51) 40 (35–49) NS Body mass index, kg/m2 25 (23–30) 25 (22–29) NS Obesity, % 26 16 0.048 Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg 120 (116–128) 110 (100–120) 0.005 Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg 75 (69–82) 73 (79–80) NS Hypertension, % 56 29 < 0.001 Creatinine, mg/dl 0.8 (0.7–0.9) 0.7 (0.6–0.8) NS Total cholesterol, mg/dl 183 (158–210) 199 (175–222) 0.001 LDL cholesterol, mg/dl 104 (77–127) 124 (103–151) < 0.001 HDL cholesterol, mg/dl 59 (47–71) 56 (51–63) NS Triglycerides, mg/dl 96 (71–122) 73 (55–101) 0.001 Type 2 diabetes mellitus, % 4 2 NS Smokers, % 42 40 NS Sedentary lifestyle, % 55 49 NS Use of antihypertensives, % 49 11 < 0.001 Use of statins, % 26 3 < 0.001 Disease duration, yrs 11 (6–17) — — Renal involvement, % 37 — — Anti-dsDNA+, % 86 — — Antiphospholipid antibodies, % 23 — — Homocystine, μmol/l 12.9 (11.0–15.1) — — SLEDAI 4 (2–6) — — SDI 1 (0–2) — — Prednisone dose, mg/day 3.75 (0–5) — — Prednisone, % 69 — — Hydroxychloroquine, % 74 — — Immunosuppressive agents, % 33 — — NSAID, % 57 18 0.001 -
↵* Student’s t test for continuous variables; Pearson’s chi-squared test for categorical variables. NS: not significant; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; SLEDAI: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Diseaes Activity Index; SDI: Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/ACR Damage Index; NSAID: nonsteroid antiinflammatory drugs.
-
- Table 2.
Main characteristics of women with systemic lupus erythematosus with and without hypertension. Mann-Whitney U test was used for continuous variables and Pearson’s chi-square test for categorical variables.
Hypertension Present, n = 63, median (range) or % Absent, n = 49, median (range) or % p Age, yrs 52 (44–60) 39 (30–44) 0.001 Disease duration, yrs 19 (12–27) 10 (5–15) 0.014 Body mass index, kg/m2 30 (23–33) 25 (23–29) 0.004 Creatinine, mg/dl 0.9 (0.8–1.5) 0.7 (0.6–0.9) 0.003 Creatinine clearance, mg/min 84 (58–100) 113 (85–131) < 0.001 Triglycerides, mg/dl 105 (85–147) 74 (59–115) < 0.001 Total cholesterol, mg/dl 196 (171–212) 163 (156–197) 0.001 HDL-cholesterol, mg/dl 57 (47–70) 60 (48–72) NS LDL-cholesterol, Mg/Dl 115 (94–135) 93 (82–110) < 0.001 HOMA index 1.79 (0.97–2.85) 1.68 (0.97–2.44) 0.003 Renal involvement 51 18 0.001 Metabolic syndrome 30 6 0.002 SDI 3 (0–4) 0 (0–2) < 0.001 SLEDAI 6 (2–6) 4 (2–6) 0.038 Dyslipidemia 92 49 < 0.001 Diabetes mellitus 6 0 NS Obesity 37 12 0.004 Smoking 27 61 < 0.001 Alcohol consumption 14 31 0.062 Sedentary lifestyle 43 47 NS Anti-dsDNA antibodies 92 78 0.054 Antiphospholipid antibodies 24 22 NS C-reactive protein, mg/dl 0.2 (0.1–0.3) 0.1 (0.1–0.4) NS Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mm/h 33 (23–50) 23 (15–38) 0.003 Interleukin 6 5.5 (1.5–22) 1.5 (1.5–19) 0.048 Homocysteine, μmol/l 14.5 (13.7–22.7) 12.4 (10.7–14.4) < 0.001 Fibrinogen, mg/dl 360 (327–397) 315 (285–370) < 0.001 Current dose of prednisone, mg/day 5 (0–7.5) 3.75 (0–5) NS Prednisone 71 65 NS Hydroxychloroquine 68 82 NS Immunosuppressive agents 28 27 NS NSAID 51 65 NS -
NS: not significant; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HOMA: homeostasis model assessment; SDI: Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index; SLEDAI: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index; NSAID: nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
-
- Table 3.
Comparison of demographic data, biochemical measurements, and therapies between women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with and without hypertension, categorized by age. Mann-Whitney U test was used for continuous variables and Pearson’s chi-square test for categorical variables. Data are expressed as the median (interquartile range) or a percentage.
Women with SLE, age ≤ 40 yrs, n = 58 Women with SLE, age > 40 yrs, n = 58 HT, n = 23 No HT, n = 35 p HT, n = 40 No HT, n = 14 p p* Age, yrs 32 (21–36) 34 (28–38) NS 54 (46–62) 46 (42–53) 0.006 < 0.001 Disease duration, yrs 5 (3–12) 9 (6–13) 0.050 18 (11–25) 12 (7–19) 0.057 < 0.001 Body mass index, kg/m2 25 (23–31) 25 (22–28) NS 28 (23–33) 23 (21–28) 0.037 NS Systolic BP, mm Hg 120 (115–125) 111 (102–119) 0.003 130 (118–140) 109 (95–117) < 0.001 0.011 Diastolic BP, mm Hg 79 (71–85) 73 (65–80) 0.039 79 (75–88) 69 (66–71) < 0.001 NS Fasting glucose, mg/dl 82 (75–88) 81 (75–86) NS 86 (78–89) 81 (76–85) NS NS Uric acid, mg/dl 4.6 (3.9–5.6) 3.9 (3.3–4.3) 0.002 5.5 (4.4–6.2) 4.1 (3.7–4.8) 0.005 NS Creatinine, mg/dl 0.8 (0.6–0.9) 0.7 (0.6–0.8) NS 0.9 (0.7–1.1) 0.7 (0.7–0.8) 0.041 NS Creatinine clearance, mg/min 129 (100–158) 115 (98–133) NS 78 (57–101) 82 (74–113) NS < 0.001 Insulin, mU/l 12.2 (11.3–13.4) 6.4 (4.4–9.8) 0.001 8.7 (5.4–13.6) 5.0 (3.2–10.3) NS 0.051 HOMA index 2.4 (1.8–3.3) 1.3 (0.9–1.9) 0.001 1.9 (1.0–2.7) 1.0 (0.6–2.9) NS NS SLEDAI 6 (4–10) 2 (2–8) 0.007 4 (2–6) 2 (0–5) NS 0.007 SDI 1 (0–3) 0 (0–1) 0.008 1 (0–4) 0 (0–1) NS NS Anti-dsDNA-positive, % 74 34 0.007 21 28 NS 0.001 Complement 3, mg/dl 96 (72–109) 93 (84–106) NS 105 (85–130) 106 (93–116) NS 0.078 Albumin, g/dl 4.1 (3.8–44) 4.5 (4.3–4.6) < 0.001 4.3 (4.1–4.6) 4.4 (4.1–4.5) NS 0.021 Renal involvement, % 74 23 < 0.001 38 7 0.043 0.008 ESR, mm/h 31 (27–68) 20 (14–32) 0.045 31 (22–39) 22 (12–34) NS NS C-reactive protein, mg/dl 0.2 (0.1–0.5) 0.1 (0.1–0.3) NS 0.2 (0.1–0.5) 0.2 (0.1–0.6) NS NS Interleukin 6, pg/ml 1.9 (1.5–23) 1.6 (1.5–9.8) NS 1.7 (1.5–31) 1.5 (1.5–20) NS NS Fibrinogen, mg/dl 348 (315–413) 299 (255–326) < 0.001 368 (315–410) 305 (286–393) NS NS Homocysteine, μmol/l 14 (11–16) 11 (10–13) 0.022 14 (13–17) 11 (10–14) 0.001 NS Hemoglobin, mg/dl 12 (11–13) 13 (12–14) 0.011 14 (13–15) 14 (13–14) NS 0.002 Platelet count (105/l) 2.6 (2.4–3.4) 2.1 (1.9–2.9) 0.015 2.0 (1.6–2.5) 2.4 (1.9–2.9) NS 0.001 Prednisone, mg/day 6.3 (3.8–10) 2.5 (0–5) 0.001 2.5 (0–5) 3.1 (0–5.6) NS < 0.001 Prednisone 87 63 0.041 63 71 NS 0.047 Immunosuppressive agents 65 34 0.031 23 7 NS 0.001 NSAID 39 69 0.033 58 57 NS NS Hydroxychloroquine 83 89 NS 60 64 NS NS -
↵* Comparison between younger and older hypertensive women. HT: hypertension; NS: not significant; BP: blood pressure; HOMA: homeostasis model assessment; SLEDAI: SLE Disease Activity Index; SDI: Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; NSAID: nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
-
- Table 4.
Variables associated with the presence of hypertension in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), using logistic regression. Models correctly classified 84.0%, 81.1%, and 84.9% with a cutoff value of 0.5, for the entire cohort, younger, and older women, respectively.
Explanatory Variable ß Coefficient OR (95% CI) p In entire cohort of women with SLE Renal involvement 2.6 8.3 (2–35) < 0.001 Age 0.11 1.1 (1.07–1.18) < 0.001 Insulin 0.18 1.2 (1.1–1.4) 0.002 SLEDAI 0.20 1.2 (1.03–1.5) 0.022 In younger women with SLE Renal involvement 2.06 7.9 (1.9–33) 0.005 Insulin 0.21 1.23 (1.04–1.46) 0.014 In older women with SLE Age 0.3 1.3 (1.1–1.6) 0.003 Renal involvement 4.8 27 (4–68) 0.003 Obesity 3.2 23 (1.7–44) 0.018 Prednisone use 2.0 8.2 (0.8–85) 0.078 -
SLEDAI: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index.
-
