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Risk Factors Age Smoking Inactive lifestyle/immobilization Dyslipidemia, oxLDL, LDL↑, HDL↓ Hyperhomocysteinemia Prothrombotic factors: platelets↑, fibrinogen, thromboxane Acute-phase proteins (CRP, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen) Autoantibodies (anti-CCP, RF, anti-oxLDL, anti-HSP) Proinflammatory cytokines Chemokines and angiogenic growth factors Immune complex mediated endothelial damage Matrix metalloproteinases Endothelial cell dysfunction induced by inflammation Endothelial cell leukocyte adhesion molecules Impaired apoptosis Medications: methotrexate, corticosteroids -
CCP: cyclic citrullinated peptide; CRP: C-reactive protein; HDL: high density lipoprotein; HSP: heat shock protein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; oxLDL: oxidized low density lipoprotein; RF: rheumatoid factor.
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