Determinants of Risk for Venous and Arterial Thrombosis in Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome and in Antiphospholipid Syndrome with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

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Figure 1.
Prevalence of arterial thrombosis, venous thrombosis, and fetal loss in primary and secondary antiphospholipid syndrome.

Table 1.

Demographic features, risk factors, and comorbidities in the study population. Data are number (%).

Characteristic	Primary APS, n = 17	Secondary APS/SLE, n = 59	SLE/aPL, n = 46	p (APS vs SLE/+aPL)
Female	13 (76)	49 (83)	40 (87)	0.43
Caucasian	16 (94)	44 (73)	31 (67)	0.21
Family history	1 (6)	1 (2)	0	0.52
Smoking	3 (17)	8 (13)	5 (11)	0.56
Diabetes mellitus	1 (6)	4 (7)	1 (2)	0.4
Malignancy	1 (6)	7 (12)	5 (11)	1
Hypertension	6 (35)	29 (49)	13 (28)	0.051
Hereditary thrombophilia^*	2 (12)	8 (13)	1 (2)	0.051
Hyperhomocysteinemia^††	3 (25)	28 (49)	12 (27)	0.049
Hypercholesterolemia	7 (41)	22 (37)	14 (30)	0.38
Hypertriglyceridemia^**	4 (36)	14 (24)	2 (5)	0.005
Hepatitis C^†	0	2 (9.5)	0	0.51
OCP/HRT	1 (5.9)	5 (8.5)	8 (17)	0.11

↵* Data available for 55 patients;
↵** data available for 111 patients;
↵^† data available for 42 patients;
↵^†† data available for 114 patients. OCP/HRT: oral contraceptive pill/hormone replacement therapy; APS: antiphospholipid syndrome; APS/SLE: APS with associated systemic lupus erythematosus; aPL: antiphospholipid antibodies.

Table 2.

Arterial thrombosis: univariate analysis.

Variables	Available Data	Missing Data	p
Ethnicity	122	0	0.32
Sex	122	0	0.17
Malignancy	122	0	0.75
Smoking	122	0	0.94
Diabetes mellitus	122	0	0.082
Hypertension	122	0	0.008
Hyperhomocysteinemia	114	8	0.044
Hypercholesterolemia	122	0	0.91
Hypertriglyceridemia	111	11	0.78
Hereditary thrombophilia	55	67	1
OCP/HRT	122	0	0.036
aCL IgG	122	0	0.77
aCL IgG > 40	122	0	0.62
aCL IgM	122	0	0.22
aCL IgA	119	3	0.74
Lupus anticoagulant	121	1	0.22

OCP/HRT: oral contraceptive pill/hormone replacement therapy; aCL: anticardiolipin antibody.

Table 3.

Arterial thrombosis: logistic regression model.

Table 4.

Venous thrombosis: univariate analysis.

Variable	Valid	Missing	p
Ethnicity	122	0	0.65
Sex	122	0	0.81
Malignancy	122	0	0.55
Smoking	122	0	0.56
Diabetes mellitus	122	0	0.4
Hypertension	122	0	0.46
Hyperhomocysteinemia	114	8	0.23
Hypercholesterolemia	122	0	0.48
Hypertriglyceridemia	111	11	0.001
Hereditary thrombophilia	55	67	0.02
OCP/HRT	122	0	0.45
aCL IgG	122	0	0.53
aCL IgG > 40	122	0	0.04
aCL IgM	122	0	0.83
aCL IgA	119	3	1
Lupus anticoagulant	121	1	0.012

OCP/HRT: oral contraceptive pill/hormone replacement therapy; aCL: anticardiolipin antibody

Table 5.

Venous thrombosis: logistic regression model.

Table 6.

Pregnancy loss (one or more miscarriages or late fetal loss): univariate analysis.

Variable	Available Data	Missing Data	Patients with Fetal Loss, n (%), total 48	Patients with No Fetal Loss, n (%), total 54	p
Malignancy	102	0	8 (15)	3 (6)	0.16
Smoking	102	0	7 (15)	7 (13)	0.81
Family history	102	0	1 (2)	0	^*
Diabetes mellitus	102	0	3 (6)	1 (2)	0.34
Hypertension	102	0	18 (37)	19 (35)	0.8
Hyperhomocysteinemia	96	6	13 (29)	18 (35)	0.5
Hypercholesterolemia	102	0	15 (31)	19 (35)	0.67
Hypertriglyceridemia	93	9	10 (23)	7 (14)	0.29
Hepatitis C	35	67	2 (12)	0	^*
Hereditary thrombophilia	45	57	6 (12)	2 (4)	0.14
aCL IgG > 40	102	0	16 (33)	16 (30)	0.68
aCL IgG	102	0	19 (40)	27 (50)	0.29
aCL IgM	102	0	19 (40)	21 (39)	0.94
aCL IgA	100	2	3 (6)	6 (11)	0.5
Lupus anticoagulant	101	1	43 (91)	45 (83)	0.22