Land-based Exercise for Osteoarthritis of the Knee: A Metaanalysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

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Figure 1.
All randomized controlled trials: knee pain outcome. Mean change, standard deviation, sample size for treatment and control groups.
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Figure 2.
All randomized controlled trials: physical function outcome. Mean change, standard deviation, sample size for treatment and control groups.
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Table 1.

Effect size estimates for knee pain and physical function. Subgroup comparisons.

Outcome and Subgroup	RCT, n	Participants, n	Effect Estimate SMD (95% CI)	Chi-square for Distribution (p)
1. Knee pain	32	3616	0.40 (0.30–0.50)
Delivery mode
Individual	10	849	0.55 (0.29–0.81)
Classes	17	1608	0.37 (0.24–0.51)	NS
Home program	6	1260	0.28 (0.16–0.39)
Direct supervision
Less than 12 occasions	9	1594	0.28 (0.16–0.40)
12 or more occasions	23	2022	0.46 (0.32–0.60)	4.82 (0.03)
Outcomes assessment
Blinded	18	2559	0.33 (0.22–0.43)
Unblinded/uncertain	14	1057	0.53 (0.33–0.73)	5.64 (0.02)
Analysis method
Intention to treat	14	2394	0.36 (0.21–0.51)
Efficacy	18	1222	0.45 (0.32–0.58)	NS
Allocation concealment
Adequate	14	2599	0.33 (0.23–0.44)
Unclear/inadequate	18	1202	0.49 (0.32–0.66)	3.94 (0.05)
Risk of estimate bias
Low	10	2021	0.28 (0.15–0.42)
Moderate	13	972	0.48 (0.29–0.67)
High	9	623	0.51 (0.30–0.72)	7.98 (0.02)
2. Physical function	31	3820	0.36 (0.25–0.48)
Delivery mode
Individual	10	849	0.52 (0.19–0.86)
Classes	16	1563	0.35 (0.19–0.50)
Home program	6	1408	0.28 (0.17–0.38)	NS
Direct supervision
Less than 12 occasions	9	1731	0.23 (0.09–0.37)
12 or more occasions	22	1988	0.45 (0.29–0.62)	5.52 (0.02)
Outcomes assessment
Blinded	19	2730	0.28 (0.17–0.39)
Unblinded/uncertain	12	989	0.55 (0.28–0.83)	7.21 (0.01)
Analysis method
Intention to treat	15	2576	0.30 (0.16–0.45)
Efficacy	16	1143	0.43 (0.23–0.64)	NS
Allocation concealment
Adequate	15	2596	0.28 (0.18–0.38)
Unclear/inadequate	16	1123	0.48 (0.23–0.73)	4.71 (0.03)
Risk of estimate bias
Low	10	2024	0.25 (0.13–0.38)
Moderate	14	1140	0.39 (0.18–0.60)
High	7	555	0.55 (0.21–0.90)	8.98 (0.01)