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-0.00011 Tc 0.3419 Tw 10 0 0 10 54 713.1616 Tm
(study with no information on inflammation over time.)Tj
-0.0022 Tw 0 -1.22 TD
(Another explanation with respect to our new findings is that)Tj
0.09019 Tw T*
[(the RA)-285.4 (men with high degree of inflammation might have)]TJ
0.1154 Tw T*
(been protected from bone loss because of the elevated E2)Tj
0.14281 Tw T*
(concentrations. E2 is known to be beneficial not only for)Tj
0.02499 Tw T*
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(.)Tj
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[(A)-269.4 (very interesting issue is whether any of the hormonal)]TJ
0.0869 Tw -1.2 -1.2 Td
[(aberrations found in our study precede the onset of RA. )54.8 (A)]TJ
0.3286 Tw 0 -1.2 TD
[(combined insuf)17.7 (ficiency of adrenal cortisol and gonadal)]TJ
0.013 Tc 0.36189 Tw T*
(testosterone production has been reported in a small)Tj
-0.00011 Tc -0.0094 Tw T*
(minority of males before the onset of RA, but not low levels)Tj
-0.02 Tw T*
(of DHEAS)Tj
0 Tc 0 Tw 6.5 0 0 6.5 97.9529 583.4617 Tm
(27)Tj
-0.00011 Tc -0.02 Tw 10 0 0 10 104.4528 580.1616 Tm
(. Decreased levels of these immune suppressive)Tj
0.0589 Tw -5.0453 -1.2 Td
(hormones might play a role in the development of RA, but)Tj
0.02499 Tw T*
(further research is needed to resolve this issue.)Tj
0.06821 Tw 1.2 -1.2 Td
[(Thus men with RA)-263.4 (have several aberrations in their sex)]TJ
0.08791 Tw -1.2 -1.2 Td
[(hormones as we have shown here and in a previous study)64.8 (.)]TJ
0.0448 Tw T*
(They have low bioavailable testosterone, low DHEAS, low)Tj
-0.01981 Tw T*
(E1, and high E2 concentrations compared with healthy men.)Tj
0.099 Tw T*
(The high E2 but not the low E1 levels are consistent with)Tj
0.12379 Tw T*
(findings in men with inflammation or physiological stress)Tj
0.07291 Tw T*
[(with causes other than RA. )17.7 (The E2 levels in men with RA)]TJ
0.03641 Tw T*
(were strongly correlated to the current degree of inflamma-)Tj
-0.0085 Tw T*
(tion, which may have a positive implication for bone health.)Tj
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(REFERENCES)Tj
/T1_0 1 Tf
0.02499 Tw 8 0 0 8 61 414.1616 Tm
[(1.)-875.1 (Masi )54.8 (A)110.8 (T)74 (. Sex hormones and rheumatoid arthritis: cause or ef)17.7 (fect)]TJ
1.675 -1.25 Td
(relationships in a complex pathophysiology? Clin Exp Rheumatol)Tj
0 Tc 0 Tw 0 -1.25 TD
(1995;13:227-40.)Tj
-0.00011 Tc 0.02499 Tw -1.675 -1.25 Td
[(2.)-875.1 (Gordon D, Beastall GH, )17.7 (Thomson JA, Sturrock RD. )54.8 (Androgenic)]TJ
1.675 -1.25 Td
(status and sexual function in males with rheumatoid arthritis and)Tj
T*
(ankylosing spondylitis. QJM 1986;60:671-9.)Tj
-1.675 -1.25 Td
[(3.)-875.1 (Cutolo M, Balleari E, Giusti M, Monachesi M, )54.8 (Accardo S. Sex)]TJ
1.675 -1.25 Td
(hormone status of male patients with rheumatoid arthritis: evidence)Tj
T*
(of low serum concentrations of testosterone at baseline and after)Tj
T*
[(chorionic gonadotropin stimulation. )54.8 (Arthritis Rheum )]TJ
0 Tc 0 Tw T*
(1988;31:1314-7.)Tj
-0.00011 Tc 0.02499 Tw -1.675 -1.25 Td
[(4.)-875.1 (Spector )17.7 (TD, Perry LA, )17.7 (T)35 (ubb G, Silman )54.8 (AJ, Huskisson EC. Low)]TJ
1.675 -1.25 Td
[(free testosterone levels in rheumatoid arthritis. )54.8 (Ann Rheum Dis)]TJ
0 Tc 0 Tw T*
(1988;47:65-8. )Tj
-0.00011 Tc 0.02499 Tw -1.675 -1.25 Td
[(5.)-875.1 (Spector )17.7 (TD, Ollier )17.7 (W)91.9 (, Perry LA, Silman )54.8 (AJ, )17.7 (Thomson PW)91.7 (,)]TJ
1.675 -1.25 Td
[(Edwards )54.8 (A. Free and serum testosterone levels in 276 males: )54.8 (A)]TJ
T*
(comparative study of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis)Tj
T*
(and healthy controls. Clin Rheumatol 1989;8:37-41.)Tj
-1.675 -1.25 Td
[(6.)-875.1 (T)69.9 (engstrand B, Carlstr\232m K, Hafstr\232m I. Bioavailable testosterone in\
)]TJ
1.675 -1.25 Td
(men with rheumatoid arthritis \321 high frequency of hypogonadism.)Tj
T*
(Rheumatology 2002;41:285-9.)Tj
-1.675 -1.25 Td
[(7.)-875.1 (Navarro MA, Nolla JM, Machua MI, et al. Salivary testosterone in)]TJ
1.675 -1.25 Td
(postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol)Tj
0 Tc 0 Tw T*
(1998;25:1059-62.)Tj
-0.00011 Tc 0.02499 Tw -1.675 -1.25 Td
[(8.)-875.1 (Hall GM, Perry LA, Spector )17.7 (TD. Depressed levels of dehy-)]TJ
1.675 -1.25 Td
(droepiandrosterone sulphate in postmenopausal women with)Tj
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[(rheumatoid arthritis but no relation with axial bone density)64.8 (. )54.8 (Ann)]TJ
T*
[(Rheum Dis 1993;52:21)36.8 (1-4. )]TJ
-1.675 -1.25 Td
[(9.)-875.1 (Masi )54.8 (A)110.8 (T)74 (, da Silva JAP)110.7 (, Cutolo M. Perturbations of )]TJ
1.675 -1.25 Td
(hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal \(HPG\) axis and adrenal androgen)Tj
T*
(\(AA\) functions in rheumatoid arthritis. Ballieres Clin Rheumatol)Tj
0 Tc 0 Tw T*
(1996;10:295-332.)Tj
-0.00011 Tc 0.02499 Tw 30.825 76.296 Td
[(10.)-875.1 (Kupier S, van Gestel )54.8 (AM, Swinkels HL, de Boo )17.7 (TM, da Silva JA,)]TJ
2.175 -1.25 Td
(van Riel PL. Influence of sex, age, and menopausal state on the)Tj
T*
(course of early rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2001;28:1809-16)Tj
-2.1381 -1.25 Td
[(1)36.8 (1)-0.1 (.)-875.1 (Kanik K, )17.7 (W)39.9 (ilder R. Hormonal alterations in rheumatoid arthritis,)]TJ
2.1381 -1.25 Td
[(including the ef)17.7 (fects of pregnancy)64.8 (. Rheum Dis Clin North )54.8 (Am)]TJ
0 Tc 0 Tw T*
(2000;26:805-23.)Tj
-0.00011 Tc 0.02499 Tw -2.175 -1.25 Td
[(12.)-875.1 (T)69.9 (engstrand B, Hafstrom I. Bone mineral density in men with)]TJ
2.175 -1.25 Td
(rheumatoid arthritis is associated with erosive disease and)Tj
T*
(sulphasalazine treatment but not with sex hormones. J Rheumatol)Tj
0 Tc 0 Tw T*
(2002;29:2299-305.)Tj
-0.00011 Tc 0.02499 Tw -2.175 -1.25 Td
[(13.)-875.1 (Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, et al. )17.7 (The )54.8 (American)]TJ
2.175 -1.25 Td
[(Rheumatism )54.8 (Association 1987 revised criteria for classification of)]TJ
T*
[(rheumatoid arthritis. )54.8 (Arthritis Rheum 1988;31:315-24.)]TJ
-2.175 -1.25 Td
[(14.)-875.1 (Prevoo M, van\325)17.7 (t Hof M, Kuper H, van Leeuven )54.8 (A, van de Putte L,)]TJ
2.175 -1.25 Td
[(van Riel P)110.7 (. Modified disease activity scores that include )]TJ
T*
(twenty-eight joint counts. Development and validation in a )Tj
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(prospective longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.)Tj
T*
(Arthritis Rheum 1995;39:44-8. )Tj
-2.175 -1.25 Td
[(15.)-875.1 (Ekdahl C, Eberhardt K, )54.8 (Andersson SI, Svensson B. )54.8 (Assessing)]TJ
2.175 -1.25 Td
(disability in patients with reumatoid arthritis, use of a Swedish)Tj
T*
[(version of the Stanford Health )54.8 (Assessment Questionnaire. Scand )]TJ
T*
(J Rheumatol 1988;17:263-71.)Tj
-2.175 -1.25 Td
[(16.)-875.1 (Fries JF)79.7 (, Spitz P)110.7 (, Kraines RG, Holman HR. Measurement of patient)]TJ
2.175 -1.25 Td
[(outcome in arthritis. )54.8 (Arthritis Rheum 1980;23:137-45.)]TJ
-2.175 -1.25 Td
[(17.)-875.1 (Lindber)17.7 (g BS, Lindber)17.7 (g P)110.7 (, Martinsson K, Johansson EDB.)]TJ
2.175 -1.25 Td
(Radioimmunological methods for the estimation of oestrone,)Tj
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[(oestradiol-17 beta and oestriol in pregnancy plasma. )54.8 (Acta Obstet)]TJ
T*
(Gynecol Scand Suppl 1974;32:5-19.)Tj
-2.175 -1.25 Td
[(18.)-875.1 (Mateo L, Nolla JM, Bonnin MR, Navarro MA, Roig-Escofet D.)]TJ
2.175 -1.25 Td
(Sex hormone status and bone mineral density in men with )Tj
T*
(rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1995;22:1455-60.)Tj
-2.175 -1.25 Td
[(19.)-875.1 (Giltay EJ, )17.7 (V)110.8 (erhoeven )54.8 (AC, van Schaardenbur)17.7 (g D, et al. Serum )]TJ
2.175 -1.25 Td
(dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels in patients with early)Tj
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(rheumatoid arthritis: positive association with C-reactive protein)Tj
T*
(but not with HLA-DR genotype [letter]. Br J Rheumatol)Tj
0 Tc 0 Tw T*
(1998;37:1254-6. )Tj
-0.00011 Tc 0.02499 Tw -2.175 -1.25 Td
[(20.)-875.1 (Masi )54.8 (A)110.8 (T)74 (, )54.8 (Aldag JC, Chatterton R)59.7 (T)74 (, )54.8 (Adams RF)79.7 (, Kitabchi )54.8 (AE.)]TJ
2.175 -1.25 Td
(Adrenal androgen and glucocorticoid dissociation in premenopausal)Tj
T*
(rheumatoid arthritis: a significant correlate or precursor to onset? Z)Tj
T*
(Rheumatol 2000;59 Suppl 2:II/54-61.)Tj
-2.175 -1.25 Td
[(21.)-875.1 (Schmidt M, Kreutz M, L\232f)17.7 (fler G, Sch\232lmerich J, Straub R.)]TJ
2.175 -1.25 Td
(Conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone to downstream steroid)Tj
T*
(hormones in macrophages. J Endocrinol 2000;164:161-9.)Tj
-2.175 -1.25 Td
[(22.)-875.1 (Straub RH, Cutolo M. Involvement of the )]TJ
2.175 -1.25 Td
(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal/gonadal axis and the peripheral)Tj
T*
(nervous system in rheumatoid arthritis: viewpoint based on a)Tj
T*
[(systemic pathogenetic role. )54.8 (Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:493-507.)]TJ
-2.175 -1.25 Td
[(23.)-875.1 (Fourrier F)79.7 (, Jallot )54.8 (A, Leclerc L, et al. Sex steroid hormones in )]TJ
2.175 -1.25 Td
(circulatory shock, sepsis syndrome and septic shock. Circulatory)Tj
0 Tc T*
(Shock 1994;43:171-8.)Tj
-0.00011 Tc -2.175 -1.25 Td
[(24.)-875.1 (Klaiber EL, Broverman DM, Haf)17.7 (fajee CI, Hochman JS, Sacks GM,)]TJ
2.175 -1.25 Td
(Dalen JE. Serum estrogen levels in men with acute myocardial)Tj
T*
[(infarction. )54.9 (Am J Med 1982;73:872-81.)]TJ
-2.175 -1.25 Td
[(25.)-875.1 (Cutolo M, Straub RH. Recent aspects of gonadal hormone and)]TJ
2.175 -1.25 Td
(neurotransmitter interactions with synovial and immune cells:)Tj
T*
[(implications in rheumatoid arthritis. )54.8 (Ann Rheum Dis )]TJ
0 Tc 0 Tw T*
(2000;59:657-61.)Tj
-0.00011 Tc 0.02499 Tw -2.175 -1.25 Td
[(26.)-875.1 (Khosla S, Melton LJ 3rd, Riggs BL. Clinical review 144: Estrogens)]TJ
2.175 -1.25 Td
(and the male skeleton. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1443-50.)Tj
-2.175 -1.25 Td
[(27.)-875.1 (Masi )54.8 (A)110.8 (T)74 (, Chatterton R)59.7 (T)74 (, )54.8 (Aldag J, Malamet RL. Perspectives on the)]TJ
2.175 -1.25 Td
[(relationships of adrenal steroids in rheumatoid arthritis. )54.8 (Ann NY)]TJ
T*
(Acad Sci 2000;966:1-12.)Tj
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