Background Neutralization of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) for three to six months reduces
the symptoms and signs of rheumatoid arthritis. However, the capacity of this approach to …

Cyclooxygenase (COX), the key enzyme required for the conversion of arachidonic acid to
prostaglandins was first identified over 20 years ago. Drugs, like aspirin, that inhibit …

Background Not all patients with rheumatoid arthritis can tolerate or respond to methotrexate,
a standard treatment for this disease. There is evidence that antitumour necrosis factor α (…

B cells can regulate many aspects of immune reactivity, as well as differentiate into antibody-
producing cells. In SLE, a systemic autoimmune disease, recent research suggests …

25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1, 25 (OH) 2 D 3) can modulate immune responses, but whether it
directly affects B cell function is unknown. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, …

ContextIn vitro studies have shown that celecoxib inhibits cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) but not
COX-1, suggesting that this drug may have anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity without …

CD4 + CD25 + T-regulatory cells (Tregs) play an essential role in maintaining immunologic
homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity. However, little is known about the exogenous …

IL-21 is a type I cytokine that influences the function of T cells, NK cells, and B cells. In this
study, we report that IL-21 plays a major role in stimulating the differentiation of human B cells. …

IL-21 is a type I cytokine whose receptor is expressed on T, B, and NK cells. Within the B
cell lineage, IL-21 regulates IgG1 production and cooperates with IL-4 for the production of …

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of SC‐58635 (celecoxib), an antiinflammatory
and analgesic agent that acts by selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2) inhibition and is not …