… We (Ekman & Friesen, 1978) found not one expression for each emotion, but a variety of …
Just as it is useful to think of expressions as constituting families, I have proposed (Ekman, …

In this chapter I consolidate my previous writings about basic emotions (Ekman, 1984, 1992a,
1992b) and introduce a few changes in my thinking. My views over the past 40 years have …

Research on facial expressions of emotion has been episodic. The topic flourished from
1920 to 1940, drawing the attention of well-known psycholн ogists: eg Allport, Boring, …

… We came up with the notion of display rules (Ekman & Friesen, 1969a) to reconcile our
findings with their observation of cultural differences. Display rules are overleamed habits about …

Studied" the existence of universal facial expressions of emotion" using a cross-cultural
approach in an attempt to reconcile the controversy between universalists who maintain that" the …

Emotions are viewed as having evolved through their adaptive value in dealing with
fundamental life-tasks. Each emotion has unique features: signal, physiology, and antecedent …

… Paul Ekman, professor of psychology at the University of California1 … In the second of
two articles, Paul Ekman discusses how recognising your own emotions can help you …

… possible for facial expressions to arise independently of emotions (p. 321),” as if anyone had
… Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Paul Ekman, University of …

… A study on the problem is in progress by Ekman, Friesen, and Malmstrom in collaboration
with Averill, Opton, and Lazarus which compares GSR, heart rate, and more complex …

Observers in both literate and preliterate cultures chose the predicted emotion for photographs
of the face, although agreement was higher in the literate samples. These findings …