… Briefly, mice were immunized by intradermal injection at the base of the tail with 100 μg of
bovine type II collagen (Chondrex, Seattle, WA) in 0.05 M acetic acid, emulsified with an equal …

The proportion of the lymphocytes which produce the cytokines corresponding to murine T
helper-1 (Th1) or Th2 cells was studied using£ ow cytometry in systemic lupus erythematosus …

Interleukin (IL)-10, a cytokine with anti-inflammatory effects, is produced by blood cells and
cells of various organs. Ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) is a systemic inflammatory disease …

Retinoic acids, a group of natural and synthetic vitamin A derivatives, have potent antiproliferative
and anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, retinoic acids were reported to inhibit Th1 …

Interleukin (IL)-18 is produced by leukocytes and renal parenchymal cells (tubular epithelial
cells, podocytes, and mesangial cells). The IL-18 receptor (IL-18R) is expressed on these …

Background Interleukin (IL)-18 is markedly elevated in systemic inflammatory diseases that
cause the ‘cytokine storm’ such as adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) and hemophagocytic …

Objective Biomarkers of disease activity in lupus nephritis (LN) are needed. Ideally, such
biomarkers would be capable of detecting early sub-clinical disease and could be used to …

Using three‐colour flow cytometry, we have measured intracellular IL‐2, interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ)
and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) induced in human CD4 + and CD8 + T …

Autoimmune disease in Fas-deficient MRL-Fas lpr mice is dependent on infiltrating autoreactive
leukocytes and autoantibodies, and IFN-γ plays an important role in the pathogenesis. …

Lupus nephritis is a major manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Treatment with
such immunosuppressive agents as corticosteroids or cyclophosphamide can decrease the …