This article focuses on the early diagnosis and effective management of ankylosing spondylitis
(AS), a disease that is not uncommon and that can cause early retirement and severe …

Despite the advances in the pharmacological therapy of ankylosing spondylitis, physical
therapy remains an essential part of the management plan. Even though data are not sufficient …

Objective The aim of this study was to systemically review the efficacy and safety of inhibitors
of interleukin 6 (IL-6): clazakizumab, IL-12/23: ustekinumab, and IL-17A: secukinumab, …

A small number of mammalian retinal ganglion cells act as photoreceptors for regulating
certain non-image forming photoresponses 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 . These intrinsically …

… atropine sulfate), opioid (10 M naloxone), canna- … of IsAHP, we tested the efbinoid CB1 (2
M AM 251), and adenosine receptors (0.1 M DPCPX). Under these conditions, a 5 min kainate …

In mammals, the melanopsin gene (Opn4) encodes a sensory photopigment that underpins
newly discovered inner retinal photoreceptors. Since its first discovery in Xenopus laevis and …

… m 2-OH-saclofen to block GABA B R, 1 μm atropine sulfate to block muscarinic AChR, 10 μm
naloxone to block opioid receptors, 2 μm … receptors, and 0.1 μm DPCPX to block adenosine …

… with extracellular saline (140 mm NaCl, 4 mm KCl, 1 mm MgCl 2 , 2 mm CaCl 2 , 5 mm
glucose, and 10 mm HEPES, pH adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH) containing 20 μm 9-cis-retinal (Sigma…

Exogenous application of agonists at the kainate subtype of glutamate receptors has been
shown to depress evoked monosynaptic inhibition by γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic …

… sectioning solution that contained 175 mm sucrose, 7 mm MgCl 2 , 2.5 mm KCl, 1.2 mm NaH
2 PO 4 , 0.5 mm CaCl 2 , 26 mm NaHCO 3 , and 25 mm glucose. Brains were mounted and …