Strengthening materials traditionally involves the controlled creation of internal defects and
boundaries so as to obstruct dislocation motion. Such strategies invariably compromise …

Methods used to strengthen metals generally also cause a pronounced decrease in
electrical conductivity, so that a tradeoff must be made between conductivity and mechanical …

Polycrystalline materials with nanometer-sized grains, termed nanocrystalline materials,
can be formed by crystallizing completely amorphous solids under proper heat treatment …

A bulk nanocrystalline (nc) pure copper with high purity and high density was synthesized
by electrodeposition. An extreme extensibility (elongation exceeds 5000%) without a strain …

By means of surface mechanical attrition (SMA), a nanostructured surface layer was formed
on a pure Fe plate. Microstructure features of various sections in the surface layer, from the …

… The fusion method is defined as(34) A ( k ) = 1 M k ∑ 1 ≤ l ≤ M k p l where A ( k ) is the
activity level of each region, M k is the number of pixels in the region k of the input image and p l …

In conventional metals, there is plenty of space for dislocations—line defects whose motion
results in permanent material deformation—to multiply, so that the metal strengths are …

On 15 December 2009, the world's most fuel-efficient commercial jetliner—the Boeing 787
Dreamliner—completed its first flight. The airliner is mostly made from carbon fiber–reinforced …

Nano-grained (NG) metals are believed to be strong but intrinsically brittle: Free-standing NG
metals usually exhibit a tensile uniform elongation of a few percent. When a NG copper film …

The microstructure in the surface layer of a pure iron plate was refined at the nanometer
scale by means of a surface mechanical attrition treatment that generates repetitive severe …