REVIEW A variety of key events in apoptosis focus on mitochondria, including the release of
caspase activators (such as cytochrome c), changes in electron transport, loss of …

HE terms programmed cell death (PCD) 1 and apoptosis are often used interchangeably to
describe a mechanism of cellular demise that is believed to play an important role in a wide …

Apoptosis is a physiological cell suicide program that is critical for the development and
maintenance of healthy tissues. Dysregulation of cell death pathways occur in cancer, …

The bax gene promoter region contains four motifs with homology to consensus p53-binding
sites. In cotransfection assays using p53-deficient tumor cell lines, wild-type but not mutant …

Caspases are intracellular proteases that function as initiators and effectors of apoptosis.
The kinase Akt and p21-Ras, an Akt activator, induced phosphorylation of pro–caspase-9 (pro-…

Proteins in the Bcl-2 family are central regulators of programmed cell death 1 , and members
that inhibit apoptosis, such as Bcl-X L and Bcl-2, are overexpressed in many cancers and …

In many instances, permeabilization of mitochondrial membranes is a rate-limiting step of
apoptotic or necrotic cell demise. This has important consequences for the pathophysiology …

The inhibitor-of-apoptosis (IAP) family of genes has an evolutionarily conserved role in
regulating programmed cell death in animals ranging from insects to humans 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 . …

Disturbances in the normal functions of the ER lead to an evolutionarily conserved cell
stress response, the unfolded protein response, which is aimed initially at compensating for …

Exit of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol has been implicated as an important
step in apoptosis. In the cytosol, cytochrome c binds to the CED-4 homologue, Apaf-1, …