Objective. —This article defines stress and related concepts and reviews their historical
development. The notion of a stress system as the effector of the stress syndrome is suggested, …

All organisms must maintain a complex dynamic equilibrium, or homeostasis, which is constantly
challenged by internal or external adverse forces termed stressors. Stress occurs when …

The stress system coordinates the adaptive responses of the organism to stressors of any
kind. The main components of the stress system are the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH…

Celsus described four of the five cardinal signs of inflammation 2000 years ago, and Eustachio
discovered the adrenal glands almost 500 years ago, but not until 1936 did Selye note …

The brain and the immune system are the two major adaptive systems of the body. During an
immune response the brain and the immune system “talk to each other” and this process is …

Sleep apnea and associated daytime sleepiness and fatigue are common manifestations of
mainly obese middle-aged men. The onset of sleep apnea peaks in middle age, and its …

Interleukin-6, an inflammatory cytokine, is characterized by pleiotropy and redundancy of
action. Apart from its hematologic, immune, and hepatic effects, it has many endocrine and …

(Second of Two Parts) Neurohormonal Hypotheses The cardinal biologic manifestations of
major affective disorder consist of alterations in the hypothalamic centers that govern food …

Environmental events, both physical and emotional, can produce stress reactions to widely
varying degrees. Stress can affect many aspects of physiology, and levels of stress, …

The availability of nutrients influences cellular growth and survival by affecting gene
transcription. Glucocorticoids also influence gene transcription and have diverse activities on cell …