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Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in sports—Part I: Systematic review of risk factors in male athletes

  • Sports Medicine
  • Published:
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy Aims and scope

Abstract

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to report a comprehensive literature review on the risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in male athletes.

Methods

All abstracts were read and articles of potential interest were reviewed in detail to determine on inclusion status for systematic review. Information regarding risk factors for ACL injuries in male athletes was extracted from all included studies in systematic fashion and classified as environmental, anatomical, hormonal, neuromuscular, or biomechanical. Data extraction involved general characteristics of the included studies (type of study, characteristics of the sample, type of sport), methodological aspects (for quality assessment), and the principal results for each type of risk factor.

Results

The principal findings of this systematic review related to the risk factors for ACL injury in male athletes are: (1) most of the evidence is related to environmental and anatomical risk factors; (2) dry weather conditions may increase the risk of non-contact ACL injuries in male athletes; (3) artificial turf may increase the risk of non-contact ACL injuries in male athletes; (4) higher posterior tibial slope of the lateral tibial plateau may increase the risk of non-contact ACL injuries in male athletes.

Conclusion

Anterior cruciate ligament injury in male athletes likely has a multi-factorial aetiology. There is a lack of evidence regarding neuromuscular and biomechanical risk factors for ACL injury in male athletes. Future research in male populations is warranted to provide adequate prevention strategies aimed to decrease the risk of this serious injury in these populations.

Level of evidence

Systematic review on level I–IV studies, Level IV.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital del Mar—Parc de Salut Mar, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Passeig Marítim 25-29, 08003, Barcelona, Spain

    Eduard Alentorn-Geli

  2. Department of Physical Therapy, Zentrum Rehab and Performance Center, Barañain, Navarre, Spain

    Jurdan Mendiguchía

  3. Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden

    Kristian Samuelsson & Jon Karlsson

  4. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Volker Musahl

  5. García-Cugat Foundation, Barcelona, Spain

    Ramon Cugat

  6. Mutualidad de Futbolistas, Federación Española de Fútbol—Delegación Cataluña, Barcelona, Spain

    Ramon Cugat

  7. Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Gregory D. Myer

  8. Departments of Pediatrics and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Gregory D. Myer

  9. The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Boston, MA, USA

    Gregory D. Myer

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  1. Eduard Alentorn-Geli
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  2. Jurdan Mendiguchía
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Correspondence to Eduard Alentorn-Geli.

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Alentorn-Geli, E., Mendiguchía, J., Samuelsson, K. et al. Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in sports—Part I: Systematic review of risk factors in male athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 22, 3–15 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-013-2725-3

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