WOMAC Subscale | Use of CO, β* coefficient (95% CI) | Use of HA, β* coefficient (95% CI) |
---|---|---|
Pain | ||
Crudea | 1.17 (0.80 to 1.54) | 0.77 (0.17 to 1.38) |
Baseline covariatesb | 3.49 (−2.36 to 9.33) | 0.58 (0.07 to 1.09) |
Baseline plus time-varying covariatesc | 2.11 (0.70 to 3.53) | 0.40 (−0.30 to 1.10) |
Marginal structural modeld | 1.24 (0.82 to 1.66) | 0.50 (−0.11 to 1.11) |
Sensitivity analysis | 0.51 (−0.31 to 1.32) | 0.42 (−1.44 to 2.29) |
Stiffness | ||
Crudea | 0.23 (0.04 to 0.43) | 0.28 (−0.03 to 0.59) |
Baseline covariatesb | −0.55 (−1.27 to 0.17) | −2.10 (−2.35 to −1.85) |
Baseline plus time-varying covariatesc | 0.05 (−1.08 to 1.18) | 0.17 (−0.17 to 0.51) |
Marginal structural modeld | 0.30 (0.10 to 0.49) | −0.07 (−0.38 to 0.24) |
Sensitivity analysis | 0.14 (−0.21 to 0.50) | −0.43 (−1.54 to 0.67) |
Physical function | ||
Crudea | 2.60 (1.36 to 3.84) | 1.21 (−0.70 to 3.12) |
Baseline covariatesb | −1.73 (−9.50 to 6.05) | 1.16 (−0.50 to 2.83) |
Baseline plus time-varying covariatesc | 0.06 (−0.51 to 0.62) | −0.37 (−2.45 to 1.71) |
Marginal structural modeld | 2.62 (0.94 to 4.29) | 0.49 (−1.34 to 2.32) |
Sensitivity analysis | 1.05 (−1.23 to 3.33) | 3.84 (−3.72 to 11.40) |
↵* A negative β coefficient indicates improvement for the WOMAC subscales and worsening for the joint space width.
↵a Values derived from GEE models used an unstructured correlation matrix.
↵b Models were adjusted for baseline characteristics including age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, KL grade, body mass index, history of knee injury, history of knee surgery, SF-12 physical and mental component summary scores, WOMAC subscales, and use of analgesics and glucosamine.
↵c In addition to baseline covariates, time-varying confounders including KL grade, history of knee injury and surgery, WOMAC subscales, and SF-12 physical and mental component summary scores measured at the same visit as injection use were also adjusted.
↵d Inverse probability-weighted analyses with truncated weights were used. OA: osteoarthritis; CO: corticosteroid; GEE: generalized estimating equations; HA: hyaluronic acid; WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index; KL: Kellgren-Lawrence; SF-12: 12-item Medical Outcomes Study Short Form.