Table 4.

Regression analysis for the change in PWV after 1 year.

Variables	Univariate Analysis			Multivariate Analysis^†
Variables	β	95% CI	p	β	95% CI	p
Age	−1.8	−63.3 to 233.4	0.206
Sex, female	63.0	−19.8 to 145.7	0.135
Symptom duration, mos	6.8	1.0–12.6	0.022	6.3	0.6–12.0	0.032
Baseline disease activity
Tender joint count	−1.0	−7.7 to 5.6	0.761
Swollen joint count	10.5	−0.8 to 21.4	0.066
ESR, mm/h	0.0	−1.1 to 1.1	0.980
CRP, mg/l	−0.6	−2.1 to 1.0	0.477
VAS pain, NRS 0–10	−2.9	−20.0 to 14.2	0.740
PtGA, NRS 0–10	−4.0	−22.4 to 14.5	0.672
PGA, NRS 0–10	6.0	−7.7 to 19.7	0.386
DAS28	−6.8	−42.7 to 29.2	0.710
SDAI	0.5	−2.5 to 3.5	0.748
HAQ	−17.9	−65.5 to 29.7	0.458
Baseline disease severity
No. damaged joints	−1.0	−20.6 to 18.6	0.917
RF-positive	4.2	−86.6 to 95.1	0.927
Anti-CCP–positive	81.9	−29.4 to 193.2	0.148
Erosion on radiograph	37.3	−43.8 to 118.5	0.364
Baseline cardiovascular risk factors
Current smoker	−22.4	−119.3 to 74.4	0.833
BMI, kg/m²	−7.4	−19.0 to 4.3	0.215
Waist–hip ratio	−87.5	−595.5 to 420.6	0.734
Systolic BP, mmHg	−2.3	−4.3 to −0.4	0.020
Diastolic BP, mmHg	−3.1	−6.3 to 0.0	0.051
Fasting glucose, mmol/l	19.0	−24.9 to 62.9	0.392
TC, mmol/l	−10.1	−48.0 to 27.8	0.600
HDL, mmol/l	−22.1	−112.6 to 68.5	0.630
LDL, mmol/l	−4.8	−49.7 to 40.1	0.832
Triglycerides, mmol/l	−14.6	−80.6 to 51.4	0.662
Framingham risk score, %	−2.8	−5.5 to −0.1	0.039
Medication throughout the year
Antihypertensive drug	−46.9	−127.8 to 34.1	0.254
NSAID	5.2	−73.6 to 84.1	0.895
Prednisolone	53.4	−24.7 to 131.4	0.178
csDMARD	−75.4	−290.1 to 139.3	0.488
bDMARD	−100.3	−253.4 to 52.9	0.197
Achieved sustained DAS28 remission	−96.2	−168.0 to −24.3	0.009	−73.0	−150.1 to −9.1	0.027
Achieved sustained SDAI remission	−48.2	−142.4 to 46.1	0.313

↵† Adjusted for age, sex, symptom duration, swollen joint count, systolic and diastolic BP, and Framingham risk score. Data in bold face are statistically significant. PWV: pulse wave velocity; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP: C-reactive protein; VAS: visual analog scale; NRS: numerical rating scale; PtGA: patient’s global assessment; PGA: physician’s global assessment; DAS28: 28-joint count Disease Activity Score; SDAI: Simplified Disease Activity Index; HAQ: Health Assessment Questionnaire; RF: rheumatoid factor; anti-CCP: anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; NSAID: nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs; csDMARD: conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; bDMARD: biologic DMARD.