Baseline characteristics according to sex. Conversion for units: cholesterol in mg/dl to mmol/l, × 0.02586; glucose in mg/dl to mmol/l, × 0.05551; triglycerides in mg/dl to mmol/l, × 0.01129. Values for continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD.
| Characteristics n (%) | All 27,490 | Men 14,468 (52.6) | Women 13,022 (47.4) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yrs | 56.4 ± 9.4 | 56.3 ± 9.6 | 56.6 ± 9.1 | 0.126 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.9 ± 3.4 | 24.1 ± 3.2 | 23.7 ± 3.5 | < 0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 130.12 ± 22.4 | 130.8 ± 21.6 | 129.5 ± 23.2 | < 0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 78.9 ± 13.8 | 80.2 ± 13.8 | 77.5 ± 13.7 | < 0.001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Never smoker | 15,052 (54.8) | 28,844 (19.9) | 12,168 (93.4) | |
| Ex-smoker | 5689 (20.7) | 5372 (37.1) | 317 (2.4) | |
| Current smoker | 6749 (24.6) | 6212 (42.9) | 537 (4.1) | |
| Alcohol, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Non-drinker | 16,034 (58.3) | 5114 (35.3) | 10,920 (83.9) | |
| Non-binge drinker | 4492 (16.3) | 3229 (22.3) | 1263 (9.7) | |
| Binge drinker | 6073 (22.1) | 5479 (37.9) | 594 (4.6) | |
| Unknown | 891 (3.2) | 646 (4.5) | 245 (1.9) | |
| Exercise, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 16,798 (61.1) | 8515 (58.8) | 8283 (63.6) | |
| Yes | 10,692 (38.9) | 5954 (41.2) | 4738 (36.4) | |
| Drugs, n (%) | ||||
| Uric acid-lowering agent* | 1399 (5.1) | 872 (6.0) | 527 (4.0) | < 0.001 |
| Antiuricosuric agent† | 2168 (7.9) | 1349 (9.3) | 819 (6.3) | < 0.001 |
| Uricosuric agent** | 1877 (6.8) | 1108 (7.7) | 769 (5.9) | < 0.001 |
| Measurement | ||||
| Uric acid, mg/dl | 5.0 ± 1.3 | 5.7 ± 1.2 | 4.2 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 |
| BUN, mg/dl | 14.0 ± 3.9 | 14.6 ± 3.8 | 13.2 ± 3.9 | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 80.9 ± 11.4 | 82.3 ± 12.1 | 79.3 ± 10.3 | < 0.001 |
| Albumin, g/dl | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 4.3 ± 0.24 | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 14.3 ± 1.5 | 15.3 ± 1.1 | 13.2 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 |
| AST, IU/l | 25.6 ± 17.7 | 27.6 ± 21.3 | 23.3 ± 12.3 | < 0.001 |
| ALT, IU/l | 27.4 ± 25.0 | 32.4 ± 30.9 | 21.9 ± 17.6 | < 0.001 |
| Bilirubin, mg/dl | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
| GGT, IU/l | 37.8 ± 52.6 | 51.3 ± 66.7 | 22.9 ± 21.9 | < 0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dl | 99.1 ± 23.4 | 101.7 ± 25.8 | 96.2 ± 20.0 | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.6 ± 0.8 | 5.7 ± 0.9 | 5.6 ± 0.7 | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 202.2 ± 35.9 | 199.9 ± 34.7 | 204.7 ± 37.1 | < 0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 51.9 ± 13.1 | 48.7 ± 12.1 | 55.5 ± 13.4 | < 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 122.2 ± 35.0 | 120.2 ± 34.4 | 124.5 ± 35.7 | < 0.001 |
| TG, mg/dl | 135.9 ± 93.01 | 151.6 ± 105.8 | 118.4 ± 72.6 | < 0.001 |
| CRP, mg/dl | 0.2 ± 0.7 | 0.2 ± 0.77 | 0.2 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| DM | 2577 (9.4) | 1720 (12.0) | 857 (6.6) | < 0.001 |
| HTN | 10,415 (38.1) | 5723 (39.7) | 4692 (11.8) | 0.004 |
| Gout | 138 (0.5) | 133 (0.9) | 5 (0.0) | < 0.001 |
↵* Uric acid-lowering agents included allopurinol, benzbromarone, and febuxostat.
↵** Uricosuric agent included losartan, calcium channel blocker, and sevelamer.
↵† Antiuricosuric agent included angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker (except losartan), and aspirin. BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; AST: aspartate transaminase; ALT: alanine transaminase; GGT: γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; TG: triglyceride; CRP: C-reactive protein; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin.