Variable | FMD HR | PWV | HR | CP, IMT | HR | CAC | HR | SPECT | HR | CA | HR | CVE | HR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Disease activity | 86, 88 | 52 | 84 | 12.3 | 16, 17, 23, 26–28, 32 | 1.05–1.2 | |||||||
Cumulative damage | 89 | 41, 49, 52, 65, 66 | 1.7 | 83 | 1.2 | 16, 22, 29 | 1.3–4.1 | ||||||
Disease duration | 97 | 90 | 45, 53, 59, 60, 64–67 | 1.7–3.2 | 83–85 | 1.2–15.1 | 23, 31 | 1.1–1.45 | |||||
aCL | 38 | 5.2 | 81 | 81 | 4.1 | 16, 17, 21, 22, 31 | 3.1–5.8 | ||||||
Anti-β2GPI | 81 | 21, 22 | 3.4 | ||||||||||
LA | 38 | 5.2 | 81 | 4.4 | 27 | 1.74 | |||||||
Anti-oxPAPC | 46 | 1.06 | |||||||||||
Anti-dsDNA | 77* | 27 | 1.56 | ||||||||||
hsCRP | 95 | 90 | 40, 51, 53, 62, 66 | 3 | 74, 76, 82 | 1.65–4.15 | 22, 29, 31 | 1.6–3.4 | |||||
C3 | 62 | 60 | 78 | ||||||||||
TWEAK | 55 | 29 | |||||||||||
IL-6 | 68 | 1.07 | |||||||||||
VEGF | 43 | 82 | |||||||||||
TNF-α | 82 | ||||||||||||
VCAM-1 | 82 | ||||||||||||
ICAM-1 | 74, 82 | ||||||||||||
E-selectin | 82 | ||||||||||||
TGF-β1 | 109 | ||||||||||||
Type I IFN | 73 | 73 | 73 | ||||||||||
Leptin | 55, 56 | ||||||||||||
Uric acid | 72 | ||||||||||||
Renal disease | 62 | 7.5 | 50, 61 | 78, 85 | 16.4 | 19, 27, 36, 37 | 1.2–6.8 | ||||||
Proteinuria | 50, 63, 64 | 36, 37 | 2.4 | ||||||||||
Neuropsychiatric SLE | 16, 18, 24, 33 | 2.2–5.2 | |||||||||||
Leukopenia | 62 |
↵* Noncalcified coronary plaques. SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; CVE: cardiovascular events; FMD: flow-mediated dilatation; PWV: pulse wave velocity; CP: carotid plaque; IMT: intima-media thickness; CAC: coronary artery calcification; SPECT: single photon emission computed tomography; CA: coronary angiography; aCL: anticardiolipin antibodies; anti-β2GPI: anti-β2 glycoprotein I; LA: lupus anticoagulant; anti-oxPAPC: antioxidised palmitoyl arachinodoyl phosphocholine; hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; C3: complement factor 3; TWEAK: tumor necrosis factor-related weak inducer of apoptosis; IL-6: interleukin 6; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1; TGF-β1: transforming growth factor-β1; IFN: interferon.