Various levels of HCQ at the first HCQ assessment by patient characteristics. Values are n (%) unless otherwise specified.
| Characteristics | HCQ < 15 ng/ml | HCQ 15–500 ng/ml | HCQ 500–2000 ng/ml | HCQ ≥ 2000 ng/ml | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All, n = 686 | 88 (13) | 216 (31) | 366 (53) | 16 (2) | |
| Sex | 0.050 | ||||
| Female, n = 633 | 84 (13) | 206 (33) | 329 (52) | 15 (2) | |
| Male, n = 53 | 4 (8) | 10 (19) | 38 (71) | 1 (2) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.41 | ||||
| White, n = 333 | 37 (11) | 104 (31) | 182 (55) | 10 (3) | |
| African American, n = 287 | 43 (15) | 86 (30) | 154 (54) | 4 (1) | |
| Other, n = 66 | 8 (12) | 26 (39) | 30 (45) | 2 (3) | |
| Age, yrs | 0.0018 | ||||
| ≤ 30, n = 89 | 10 (11) | 18 (20) | 59 (66) | 2 (2) | |
| 30–44, n = 244 | 28 (11) | 98 (40) | 114 (47) | 4 (2) | |
| 45–59, n = 230 | 36 (16) | 75 (33) | 114 (49) | 6 (3) | |
| 60+, n = 123 | 14 (11) | 25 (20) | 80 (65) | 4 (3) | |
| Education | 0.12 | ||||
| Less than high school, n = 51 | 5 (10) | 18 (35) | 25 (49) | 3 (6) | |
| High school, n = 160 | 30 (19) | 49 (31) | 78 (49) | 3 (2) | |
| Some college, n = 465 | 52 (11) | 144 (31) | 259 (56) | 10 (2) | |
| Family income (US$) | 0.54 | ||||
| ≤ 30,000, n = 195 | 29 (15) | 59 (30) | 103 (53) | 4 (2) | |
| 30,000–60,000, n = 160 | 26 (16) | 47 (29) | 84 (53) | 3 (2) | |
| Over 60,000, n = 316 | 32 (10) | 105 (33) | 170 (54) | 9 (3) | |
| BMI | 0.26 | ||||
| < 20, n = 66 | 9 (14) | 20 (30) | 34 (52) | 3 (5) | |
| 20–24.99, n = 203 | 25 (12) | 57 (28) | 114 (56) | 7 (3) | |
| 25–25.99, n = 185 | 30 (16) | 55 (30) | 97 (52) | 3 (2) | |
| 30+, n = 215 | 19 (9) | 79 (37) | 114 (53) | 3 (1) | |
| SLEDAI | 0.38 | ||||
| 0, n = 267 | 27 (10) | 83 (31) | 150 (52) | 7 (3) | |
| 1–3, n = 217 | 32 (15) | 71 (33) | 112 (52) | 2 (1) | |
| 4+, n = 202 | 29 (14) | 62 (31) | 104 (51) | 7 (3) | |
| PGA | 0.37 | ||||
| 0, n = 193 | 15 (8) | 59 (31) | 114 (59) | 5 (3) | |
| > 0–0.99, n = 301 | 42 (14) | 98 (33) | 157 (52) | 4 (1) | |
| 1.00–1.49, n = 80 | 14 (18) | 23 (29) | 40 (50) | 3 (4) | |
| 1.50–1.99, n = 56 | 6 (11) | 19 (34) | 29 (52) | 2 (4) | |
| 2.00+, n = 48 | 9 (19) | 16 (33) | 21 (44) | 2 (4) | |
| Vitamin D | 0.011 | ||||
| < 40 ng/ml, n = 359 | 55 (15) | 125 (35) | 170 (47) | 9 (3) | |
| 40+ ng/ml, n = 321 | 33 (10) | 89 (28) | 192 (60) | 7 (2) | |
| Creatinine, mg/ml | 0.029 | ||||
| < 1.4, n = 618 | 76 (12) | 195 (32) | 334 (54) | 13 (2) | |
| 1.4–4.9, n = 15 | 5 (33) | 4 (27) | 6 (40) | 0 (0) | |
| 5.0+, n = 6 | 1 (17) | 3 (50) | 1 (17) | 1 (17) | |
| Height, inches | 0.31 | ||||
| < 60, n = 20 | 5 (25) | 3 (15) | 11 (55) | 1 (5) | |
| 60–62.5, n = 221 | 22 (10) | 78 (35) | 113 (51) | 8 (4) | |
| 63–67.9, n = 320 | 44 (14) | 97 (30) | 174 (54) | 5 (2) | |
| 68+, n = 113 | 15 (13) | 33 (29) | 63 (56) | 2 (2) | |
| Ideal body weight | 0.82 | ||||
| Less than, n = 95 | 14 (15) | 28 (29) | 50 (53) | 3 (3) | |
| Greater than, n = 574 | 69 (12) | 183 (32) | 309 (54) | 13 (2) |
HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; BMI: body mass index; SLEDAI: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index; PGA: physician’s global assessment.