Characteristics | Gout+, n = 2632 | Gout−, ULT−, n = 7872 | p | Gout+, ULT−, n = 1189 | Gout−, ULT−, n = 3556 | p | Gout+, ULT+, n = 764 | Gout+, ULT−, n = 764 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, yrs | 50.3 ± 15.3 | 50.3 ± 15.3 | 0.99 | 47.6 ± 15.2 | 47.6 ± 15.2 | 0.98 | 50.6 ± 14.8 | 50.5 ± 15.1 | 0.91 |
Male | 1639 (62.3) | 4902 (62.3) | 0.99 | 542 (45.6) | 1622 (45.6) | 0.99 | 482 (63.1) | 507 (66.4) | 0.18 |
Followup time, yrs | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.96 | 6.4 ± 0.8 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.24 | 6.5 ± 0.6 | 6.4 ± 0.8 | < 0.01 |
Uric acid, mg/dl | 7.4 ± 2.0 | 6.0 ± 1.4 | < 0.01 | 6.5 ± 1.8 | 5.9 ± 1.4 | < 0.01 | 7.4 ± 1.7 | 7.3 ± 1.7 | 0.47 |
Systolic BP, mmHg | 129.8 ± 22.8 | 126.6 ± 22.0 | < 0.01 | 124.3 ± 21.5 | 124.5 ± 22.0 | 0.82 | 129.3 ± 21.8 | 129.6 ± 22.2 | 0.80 |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | 77.0 ± 12.1 | 74.0 ± 11.9 | < 0.01 | 71.8 ± 12.0 | 71.3 ± 11.6 | 0.20 | 76.2 ± 11.5 | 75.6 ± 11.9 | 0.45 |
Cholesterol, mg/ dl | 208.2 ± 41.9 | 200.1 ± 37.8 | < 0.01 | 204.0 ± 44.0 | 199.3 ± 38.2 | < 0.01 | 209.2 ± 39.4 | 207.2 ± 42.9 | 0.34 |
HDL-C, mg/ dl | 44.3 ± 14.3 | 44.0 ± 13.5 | 0.50 | 46.6 ± 14.0 | 46.8 ± 13.8 | 0.59 | 44.4 ± 14.2 | 45.3 ± 13.7 | 0.30 |
Triglyceride, mg/ dl | 147.7 ± 90.0 | 120.8 ± 69.7 | < 0.01 | 166.1 ± 87.2 | 117.0 ± 77.6 | < 0.01 | 149.0 ± 80.2 | 151.3 ± 106.6 | 0.64 |
Glucose, mg/ dl | 104.4 ± 30.2 | 102.8 ± 28.5 | 0.02 | 133.1 ± 94.3 | 100.8 ± 25.3 | < 0.01 | 105.0 ± 30.0 | 106.2 ± 33.5 | 0.45 |
eGFR, 1.73 m2, ml/min | 73.3 ± 17.2 | 77.4 ± 15.1 | < 0.01 | 77.6 ± 16.7 | 78.9 ± 15.2 | 0.01 | 72.3 ± 16.3 | 74.2 ± 16.7 | 0.03 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.9 ± 3.5 | 23.6 ± 3.3 | < 0.01 | 24.2 ± 3.6 | 23.4 ± 3.4 | < 0.01 | 25.1 ± 3.5 | 25.1 ± 3.4 | 0.97 |
Comorbidity | |||||||||
Hypertension | 107 (4.1) | 154 (2) | < 0.01 | 33 (2.8) | 53 (1.5) | < 0.01 | 25 (3.3) | 27 (3.5) | 0.78 |
Heart disease | 448 (17) | 811 (10.3) | < 0.01 | 146 (12.3) | 330 (9.3) | < 0.01 | 144 (18.8) | 127 (16.6) | 0.25 |
Diabetes mellitus | 32 (1.2) | 55 (0.7) | 0.01 | 14 (1.2) | 30 (0.8) | 0.30 | 10 (1.3) | 11 (1.4) | 0.83 |
Alcohol drinking | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.63 | ||||||
Never | 346 (13.1) | 947 (12) | 180 (15.1) | 442 (12.4) | 81 (10.6) | 103 (13.5) | |||
Abstained | 1126 (42.8) | 3586 (45.6) | 571 (48) | 1782 (50.1) | 328 (42.9) | 322 (42.1) | |||
1–2 drinks/week | 124 (4.7) | 305 (3.9) | 42 (3.5) | 97 (2.7) | 34 (4.5) | 35 (4.6) | |||
3–4 drinks/week | 661 (25.1) | 2026 (25.7) | 261 (22) | 828 (23.3) | 207 (27.1) | 202 (26.4) | |||
Daily | 272 (10.3) | 730 (9.3) | 102 (8.6) | 316 (8.9) | 81 (10.6) | 74 (9.7) | |||
Missing data | 103 (3.9) | 278 (3.5) | 33 (2.8) | 91 (2.6) | 33 (4.3) | 28 (3.7) | |||
Cigarette smoking | < 0.01 | 0.48 | 0.97 | ||||||
Never | 416 (15.8) | 1149 (14.6) | 208 (17.5) | 563 (15.8) | 108 (14.1) | 118 (15.4) | |||
Abstained | 1154 (43.8) | 3417 (43.4) | 594 (50) | 1754 (49.3) | 345 (45.2) | 336 (44) | |||
Occasionally | 239 (9.1) | 685 (8.7) | 73 (6.1) | 228 (6.4) | 64 (8.4) | 64 (8.4) | |||
Often | 111 (4.2) | 304 (3.9) | 45 (3.8) | 135 (3.8) | 35 (4.6) | 38 (5) | |||
Daily | 259 (9.8) | 712 (9) | 111 (9.3) | 327 (9.2) | 76 (9.9) | 77 (10.1) | |||
Missing data | 453 (17.2) | 1605 (20.4) | 158 (13.3) | 549 (15.4) | 136 (17.8) | 131 (17.1) | |||
Smoking amount | < 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.76 | ||||||
None or missing | 1728 (65.7) | 4865 (61.8) | 871 (73.3) | 2502 (70.4) | 493 (64.5) | 503 (65.8) | |||
< 5 per day | 123 (4.7) | 392 (5) | 49 (4.1) | 165 (4.6) | 37 (4.8) | 28 (3.7) | |||
5–10 per day | 172 (6.5) | 551 (7) | 59 (5) | 221 (6.2) | 53 (6.9) | 47 (6.2) | |||
11–19 per day | 391 (14.9) | 1457 (18.5) | 133 (11.2) | 456 (12.8) | 118 (15.4) | 114 (14.9) | |||
1–2 pack per day | 213 (8.1) | 602 (7.6) | 74 (6.2) | 209 (5.9) | 62 (8.1) | 70 (9.2) | |||
> 2 packs per day | 5 (0.2) | 5 (0.1) | 3 (0.3) | 3 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 2 (0.3) |
For alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking, “Never” indicates the subjects have never been exposed and “Abstained” indicates that although the subjects have been exposed before, they have stopped the usage. Gout +: total patients with gout (n = 2632). Gout+, ULT−: patients with gout without ULT (n = 1189). Gout−, ULT−: non-gout and non-ULT individuals who were matched 1-to-3 to subgroups of Gout+ and Gout+, ULT− by age, sex, and index date of the gout diagnosis (n = 7872 and 3556, respectively). Gout+, ULT+ versus Gout+, ULT−: 764 pairs of patients with gout treated with and without ULT matched by propensity score and the index date of ULT prescription. UTL: urate-lowering therapy; BP: blood pressure; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; BMI: body mass index.