Physical health, fitness, psychological function, and HRQOL by group at baseline and Week 8 of RCT. Values are the mean ± SD unless otherwise specified.
| Variable | Yoga, n = 25^ | Waitlist, n = 28∞ | Week 8 Difference, mean (95% CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 0 | Week 8 | p† | Week 0 | Week 8 | p† | Unadjusted | Model 1≠ | Model 2†† | |
| SF-36 physical component | 36.3 ± 10.4 | 43.4 ± 9.0 | 0.002 | 33.9 ± 10.5 | 35.3 ± 11.0 | 0.345 | 8.1 (2.5–13.7) | 6.5 (2.0–10.7) | 6.5 (1.9–11.0) |
| Fitness | |||||||||
| Sit and reach, cm | −2.8 ± 5.2 | 0.1 ± 5.1 | 0.000 | −5.6 ± 6.2 | −4.2 ± 6.2 | 0.260 | 4.5 (1.0–8.1) | 2.7 (−0.1–5.5) | 3.0 (0.2–5.9) |
| One-leg stance*, s | 25.6 ± 9.5 | 26.4 ± 9.1 | 0.464 | 19.8 ± 10.2 | 20.5 ± 10.6 | 0.656 | 5.8 (−0.5–12.2) | 2.0 (−2.4–6.4) | 1.9 (−2.6–6.4) |
| Grip strength, kg | 25.5 ± 8.0 | 25.8 ± 8.2 | 0.815 | 24.3 ± 9.4 | 24.5 ± 10.1 | 0.643 | 1.2 (−4.7–7.1) | −0.1 (−2.5–2.3) | −0.2 (−2.7–2.4) |
| 6-min walk, m | 1450 ± 248 | 1588 ± 243 | 0.000 | 1508 ± 337 | 1494 ± 302 | 0.782 | 94 (−58–247) | 125 (15–235) | 101 (−14–217) |
| Psychological function | |||||||||
| SF-36 mental component | 51.1 ± 13.0 | 55.4 ± 8.1 | 0.074 | 52.4 ± 9.7 | 51.6 ± 12.1 | 0.592 | 3.8 (−1.9–9.4) | 4.1 (−0.4–8.7) | 3.0 (−1.7–7.7) |
| CES-D | 6.7 ± 5.5 | 3.7 ± 3.0 | 0.003 | 8.4 ± 6.4 | 7.8 ± 6.0 | 0.176 | −3.8 (−6.5 – −1.1) | −3.0 (−4.8 – −1.3) | −2.6 (−4.4 – −0.7) |
| PANAS | |||||||||
| Positive affect* | 20.6 ± 8.3 | 27.1 ± 5.8 | 0.001 | 25.4 ± 5.8 | 24.6 ± 8.3 | 0.549 | 2.2 (−1.9–6.3) | 5.2 (1.4–8.9) | 5.3 (1.4–9.2) |
| Negative affect | 7.2 ± 6.5 | 5.5 ± 6.1 | 0.190 | 5.7 ± 5.2 | 6.6 ± 5.8 | 0.318 | −0.5 (−4.0–2.9) | −2.0 (−4.7–0.7) | −1.0 (−3.7–1.8) |
| Perceived stress scale | 15.5 ± 5.0 | 13.1 ± 5.6 | 0.131 | 14.6 ± 21.0 | 15.0 ± 21.0 | 0.612 | −1.6 (−4.9–1.7) | −2.4 (−5.4–0.6) | −2.2 (−5.3–1.0) |
| Arthritis self-efficacy scale | 59.4 ± 8.9 | 64.8 ± 13.1 | 0.046 | 55.5 ± 15.8 | 58.8 ± 16.4 | 0.287 | 5.5 (−4.5–15.4) | 3.2 (−5.5–12.0) | 4.3 (−4.4–13.1) |
| SF-36 | |||||||||
| Physical function | 59.0 ± 19.4 | 68.8 ± 22.9 | 0.024 | 53.4 ± 24.7 | 55.0 ± 29.3 | 0.573 | 13.8 (−0.8–28.4) | 8.8 (−1.1–18.7) | 8.4 (−2.0–18.8) |
| Role physical | 36.0 ± 36.9 | 78.0 ± 34.9 | 0.000 | 41.1 ± 38.0 | 45.5 ± 41.4 | 0.485 | 32.5 (11.2–53.7) | 34.9 (15.7–54.0) | 34.6 (14.2–54.9) |
| Bodily pain | 52.2 ± 18.9 | 63.1 ± 20.6 | 0.015 | 49.3 ± 17.8 | 50.0 ± 21.1 | 0.790 | 13.1 (2.5–23.7) | 11.4 (2.6–20.2) | 9.6 (0.5–18.7) |
| General health | 61.3 ± 20.6 | 68.9 ± 17.3 | 0.012 | 52.6 ± 24.4 | 55.0 ± 22.7 | 0.394 | 13.8 (2.8–24.9) | 7.7 (0.5–15.0) | 6.5 (−1.5–14.4) |
| Vitality | 49.8 ± 21.2 | 63.4 ± 19.3 | 0.002 | 50.9 ± 20.3 | 52.7 ± 18.9 | 0.554 | 10.7 (0.2–21.3) | 11.3 (2.9–19.8) | 9.2 (0.4–17.9) |
| Social function | 72.0 ± 24.5 | 83.0 ± 21.0 | 0.052 | 68.3 ± 26.0 | 72.3 ± 30.1 | 0.142 | 10.7 (−3.8–25.2) | 8.1 (−2.8–19.1) | 8.3 (−3.3–20.0) |
| Role emotional | 73.3 ± 40.8 | 89.3 ± 26.7 | 0.110 | 71.4 ± 41.3 | 72.6 ± 40.6 | 0.861 | 16.7 (−2.1–35.5) | 16.1 (−1.8–33.9) | 12.3 (−6.3–30.9) |
| Mental health | 72.8 ± 17.6 | 81.9 ± 13.1 | 0.013 | 77.9 ± 17.1 | 74.6 ± 21.1 | 0.140 | 7.3 (−2.5–17.0) | 10.8 (3.4–18.3) | 8.9 (1.4–16.3) |
Values significantly different (p < 0.05) from baseline in unadjusted and adjusted models are shown in bold face.
↵^ n = 19 and
↵∞ n = 24 for hand grip, sit and reach, one-leg stance, perceived stress, and arthritis self-efficacy outcomes.
↵† p value within groups from baseline.
↵≠ Model 1 adjusted for baseline value.
↵†† Model 2 adjusted for baseline value and age.
↵* Week 0 scores significantly different (p < 0.05) between groups at baseline. HRQOL: health-related quality of life; RCT: randomized controlled trial; SF-36: Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36; CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression Scale; PANAS: Positive and Negative Affect Scale.