Measurement | T0 | T45 | T90 | T180 | p | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CG | SG | CG | SG | Mean Difference (95% CI) | CG | SG | Mean Difference (95% CI) | CG | SG | Mean Difference (95% CI) | ||
Static baropodometry | ||||||||||||
Weightbearing R forefoot, % | 19.0 (3.6) | 17.3 (4.1) | 18.5 (5.0) | 20.0 (6.0) | −1.50 (−4.11–1.03) | 18.7 (4.1) | 19.1 (6.3) | −0.33 (−2.78–2.12) | 19.0 (5.7) | 18.8 (5.0) | 0.11 (−2.37–2.59) | 0.049* |
Weightbearing L forefoot, % | 21.0 (4.5) | 21.4 (6.9) | 21.4 (4.7) | 20.5 (6.1) | 0.90 (−1.61–3.42) | 21.1 (5.9) | 21.3 (5.9) | −0.20 (−2.94–2.52) | 21.9 (5.2) | 21.5 (6.7) | 0.32 (−2.45–3.09) | 0.630 |
Weightbearing R hindfoot, % | 30.5 (5.5) | 28.9 (8.0) | 30.9 (6.7) | 27.1 (7.8) | 3.77 (0.42–7.13) | 29.9 (6.8) | 27.3 (8.7) | 2.55 (−1.06–6.18) | 29.6 (5.4) | 27.3 (8.4) | 2.25 (−1.01–5.51) | 0.416 |
Weightbearing L hindfoot, % | 29.6 (6.9) | 32.4 (6.2) | 29.2 (7.0) | 32.4 (7.8) | −3.14 (−6.59–0.29) | 30.2 (6.2) | 32.2 (7.4) | −2.00 (−5.17–1.16) | 29.6 (6.9) | 32.3 (7.3) | −2.67 (−5.96–0.60) | 0.862 |
Surface contact R foot, cm2 | 95.2 (19.2) | 86.4 (18.8) | 95.5 (17.3) | 86.6 (17.9) | 8.93 (0.77–17.09) | 94.7 (20.5) | 88.8 (18.5) | 5.84 (−3.22–14.91) | 95.5 (19.5) | 87.8 (18.6) | 7.73 (−1.08–16.56) | 0.061 |
Surface contact L foot, cm2 | 96.2 (17.7) | 91.4 (21.0) | 98.3 (22.2) | 91.4 (17.9) | 6.90 (−2.44–16.24) | 97.7 (19.0) | 92.6 (18.9) | 5.17 (−3.60–13.96) | 98.8 (20.2) | 92.2 (19.6) | 6.67 (−2.52–15.88) | 0.183 |
Mean pressure R foot, kPa | 1.2 (0.26) | 1.1 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.2) | 0.11 (0.01–0.22) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.2) | 0.07 (−0.04–0.18) | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.2) | 0.09 (−0.02–0.20) | 0.055 |
Mean pressure L foot, kPa | 1.2 (0.22) | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.2) | 0.08 (−0.02–0.19) | 1.3 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.2) | 0.06 (−0.04–0.19) | 1.3 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.2) | 0.06 (−0.04–0.17) | 0.152 |
Surface of center of body force | 4.0 (4.99) | 2.5 (2.4) | 3.5 (4.9) | 3.5 (2.6) | 0.02 (−1.80–1.84) | 3.9 (3.7) | 3.1 (2.9) | 0.72 (−0.83–2.28) | 3.6 (3.5) | 4.9 (6.2) | −0.69 (−3.04–1.66) | 0.544 |
Surface of center of force R foot | 1.8 (2.82) | 1.2 (1.5) | 1.7 (1.9) | 1.3 (1.2) | 0.31 (−0.43–1.04) | 1.6 (1.8) | 2.0 (2.9) | −0.38 (−1.52–0.74) | 1.9 (2.1) | 2.0 (2.4) | −0.15 (−1.21–0.90) | 0.820 |
Surface of center of force L foot | 1.5 (2.45) | 1.3 (1.6) | 2.7 (6.8) | 1.2 (0.9) | 1.46 (−0.80–3.72) | 2.0 (3.9) | 1.6 (2.4) | 0.40 (−1.10–1.91) | 1.7 (2.7) | 2.4 (4.6) | −0.68 (−2.46–1.08) | 0.357 |
Dynamic baropodometry | ||||||||||||
Surface contact R foot, cm2 | 110.3 (21.1) | 104.8 (20.4) | 113.4 (22.9) | 123.8 (127.4) | −10.41 (−52.83–32.01) | 111.6 (22.1) | 122.3 (107.4) | −10.78 (−46.72–25.16) | 111.2 (22.5) | 121.8 (104.8) | −10.65 (−45.78–24.47) | 0.654 |
Surface contact L foot, cm2 | 111.0 (20.6) | 104.2 (21.7) | 111.9 (19.5) | 130.1 (160.4) | −18.27 (−71.23–34.68) | 112.7 (21.3) | 129.1 (143.8) | −16.38 (−64.03–31.25) | 133.7 (122.6) | 129.5 (135.1) | 4.13 (−55.64–63.91) | 0.758 |
Mean pressure R foot, kPa | 1.4 (0.2) | 1.4 (0.2) | 1.5 (0.2) | 1.7 (2.2) | −0.23 (−0.96–0.49) | 1.4 (0.2) | 1.7 (1.8) | −0.22 (−0.84–0.39) | 1.4 (0.2) | 1.6 (1.8) | −0.21 (−0.81–0.38) | 0.515 |
Mean pressure L foot, kPa | 1.4 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.2) | 1.4 (0.2) | 1.8 (2.7) | −0.33 (−1.25–0.57) | 1.5 (0.2) | 1.8 (2.4) | −0.30 (−1.12–0.51) | 1.7 (1.2) | 1.8 (2.3) | −0.08 (−0.95–0.78) | 0.620 |
Mean velocity R foot, m/s | 273.8 (61.1) | 260.3 (42.1) | 267.0 (42.8) | 270.9 (49.1) | −3.97 (−25.35–17.40) | 265.3 (51.4) | 275.6 (59.0) | −10.27 (−35.94–15.39) | 259.8 (39.0) | 281.7 (45.9) | −21.95 (−41.72 – −2.19) | 0.125 |
Mean velocity L foot, m/s | 254.6 (51.4) | 271.4 (57.9) | 264.8 (45.6) | 263.5 (42.4) | 1.37 (−19.05–21.81) | 263.7 (43.1) | 272.9 (48.7) | −9.16 (−30.50–2.17) | 254.3 (37.0) | 260.2 (42.3) | −5.91 (−24.35–12.52) | 0.544 |
Time pace(s) | 3.4 (0.8) | 3.4 (1.0) | 3.3 (0.7) | 3.1 (0.5) | 0.16 (−0.14–0.47) | 3.3 (0.7) | 3.1 (0.6) | 0.20 (−0.12–0.52) | 4.0 (4.6) | 3.1 (0.5) | 0.97 (−0.55–2.50) | 0.140 |
Cadence, step/min | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.1) | 0.01 (−0.10–0.11) | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.2) | −0.02 (−0.12–0.08) | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.3 (0.1) | −0.06 (−0.16–0.03) | 0.686 |
Step time R foot, ms | 990.5 (407.0) | 1002.4 (251.5) | 945.0 (274.1) | 905.9 (168.7) | 39.05 (−66.44–144.56) | 937.9 (298.3) | 917.0 (177.3) | 20.87 (−92.87–134.62) | 968.5 (346.3) | 935.9 (135.2) | 32.58 (−89.25–154.41) | 0.872 |
Step time L foot, ms | 903.2 (290.2) | 973.2 (207.8) | 928.7 (237.1) | 930.8 (159.1) | −2.11 (−95.72–91.49) | 898.3 (210.3) | 929.7 (170.5) | −31.39 (−120.12–57.33) | 923.7 (203.1) | 975.9 (183.5) | −52.23 (−141.95–37.47) | 0.590 |
↵* Significant p value between groups (ANOVA). CG: control group; SG: study group; T0: baseline; T45: after 45 days of insole use; T90: 90 days; T180: 180 days.