Relationship of leptin concentrations (1 SD increment) with carotid artery plaque in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have a large traditional cardiovascular disease risk burden.
| Adjusted Characteristic in Addition to Previously Identified Confounders or/and Mediators2,3* | OR (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|
| AIMS depression score ≥ 4 | 2.51 (1.05–5.96) | 0.03 |
| Antidepressants | 2.52 (1.03–6.12) | 0.03 |
| Antihypertensives | 2.78 (1.19–6.48) | 0.01 |
| Lipid-lowering agents† | 2.76 (1.19–6.41) | 0.01 |
| Glucose sensitivity–altering drugs‡ | 6.01 (1.70–21.28) | 0.004 |
| Hormone replacement therapy§ | 2.82 (1.18–6.75) | 0.02 |
| Vitamin D supplementation | 2.98 (1.25–7.10) | 0.01 |
↵* Includes Framingham score, race, C-reactive protein, body mass index, and glomerular filtration rate2,3.
↵† Comprises statin or/and ezetimibe.
↵‡ Includes oral glucose-lowering agents or/and insulin therapy.
↵§ Estrogen with or without progesterone used for menopausal symptoms. AIMS: Arthritis Impact Measure Scales.