SSc cause of death by sex.
| Characteristics | Female | Male |
|---|---|---|
| SSc related | ||
| Cardiac | ||
| Cardiac dysrythmia | 1 | 1 |
| Tamponade | 1 | 0 |
| Respiratory | ||
| Respiratory failure | 3 | 2 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 34 | 9 |
| Interstitial lung disease | 6 | 4 |
| GI | ||
| Bowel infarction | 1 | 0 |
| Bowel obstruction/perforation | 2 | 0 |
| Pseudomembranous colitis | 1 | 0 |
| Malnutrition | — | 1 |
| Upper GI bleed | 1 | 0 |
| Renal failure | 16 | 5 |
| SSc attributed* | 2 | 1 |
| SSc unrelated | ||
| Cancer | 19 | 6 |
| Cardiac | ||
| Congestive heart failure | 3 | 0 |
| Heart failure, cardiomyopathy | 2 | 0 |
| Heart failure, nonspecific | 13 | 2 |
| Myocardial infarction | 7 | 1 |
| Cardiac arrest | 4 | 1 |
| Infection | ||
| Pneumonia | 10 | 2 |
| Sepsis | 4 | — |
| Thromboembolic | ||
| Portal vein thrombosis | 0 | 1 |
| Pulmonary emboli | 0 | 0 |
| Other | ||
| Hemorrhagic stroke | 1 | 0 |
| Intraabdominal hemorrhage | 1 | 0 |
| Intracranial bleed | 1 | 0 |
| Ischemic stroke | 1 | 2 |
| Sudden death | 1 | 1 |
| Suicide | 3 | 0 |
↵* Cause of death attributed to SSc, but not further specified. SSc: systemic sclerosis; GI: gastrointestinal.