American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria accumulation by ethnicity and sex after adjusting for age, SLE Disease Activity Index-2K, steroids, antimalarials, and immunosuppressives.
| ACR Criteria | OR | 95% CI | p* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Malar rash | |||
| Male | 0.53 | (0.33, 0.87) | 0.01 |
| White | 1 | ||
| Asian | 1.25 | (0.82, 1.92) | 0.3 |
| Black | 0.57 | (0.36, 0.91) | 0.02 |
| Hispanic | 1.56 | (1.05, 2.42) | 0.05 |
| Discoid rash | |||
| Male | 0.85 | (0.44, 1.63) | 0.62 |
| White | 1 | ||
| Asian | 0.72 | (0.38, 1.35) | 0.3 |
| Black | 2.26 | (1.38, 3.72) | 0.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.76 | (0.38, 1.54) | 0.45 |
| Oral ulcers | |||
| Male | 0.52 | (0.33, 0.82) | 0.005 |
| White | 1 | ||
| Asian | 0.88 | (0.58, 1.33) | 0.53 |
| Black | 0.61 | (0.40, 0.93) | 0.02 |
| Hispanic | 1.21 | (0.78, 1.89) | 0.407 |
| Serositis | |||
| Male | 0.92 | (0.56, 1.49) | 0.72 |
| White | 1 | ||
| Asian | 0.81 | (0.50, 1.33) | 0.41 |
| Black | 1.14 | (0.73, 1.81) | 0.56 |
| Hispanic | 1.21 | (0.76, 1.92) | 0.42 |
| Arthritis | |||
| Male | 0.49 | (0.30, 0.82) | 0.006 |
| White | 1 | ||
| Asian | 0.46 | (0.28, 0.75) | 0.002 |
| Black | 1.04 | (0.62, 1.72) | 0.89 |
| Hispanic | 2.28 | (1.20, 4.33) | 0.01 |
| Photosensitivity | |||
| Male | 0.43 | (0.26, 0.72) | 0.001 |
| White | 1 | ||
| Asian | 0.54 | (0.34, 0.84) | 0.006 |
| Black | 0.3 | (0.18, 0.49) | <0.0001 |
| Hispanic | 0.55 | (0.35, 0.87) | 0.01 |
| Renal disorder | |||
| Male | 1.73 | (1.07, 2.80) | 0.03 |
| White | 1 | ||
| Asian | 1.19 | (0.73, 1.93) | 0.49 |
| Black | 1.6 | (1.00, 2.56) | 0.05 |
| Hispanic | 1.64 | (1.02, 2.64) | 0.04 |
| Neurologic disorder | |||
| Male | 1.05 | (0.50, 2.19) | 0.89 |
| White | 1 | ||
| Asian | 0.25 | (0.09, 0.70) | 0.008 |
| Black | 0.89 | (0.46, 1.72) | 0.72 |
| Hispanic | 0.38 | (0.17, 0.87) | 0.02 |
| Hematologic disorder | |||
| Male | 1.27 | (0.75, 2.17) | 0.38 |
| White | 1 | ||
| Asian | 2.1 | (1.25, 3.52) | 0.005 |
| Black | 1.2 | (0.74, 1.94) | 0.45 |
| Hispanic | 1.04 | (0.63, 1.71) | 0.88 |
| Immunologic disorder | |||
| Male | 2.2 | (1.01, 4.77) | 0.05 |
| White | 1 | ||
| Asian | 2.19 | (1.17, 4.11) | 0.01 |
| Black | 1.81 | (0.97, 3.37) | 0.06 |
| Hispanic | 1.68 | (0.89, 3.19) | 0.11 |
| Antinuclear antibody | |||
| Male | 3.52 | (0.44, 28.4) | 0.24 |
| White | 1 | ||
| Asian | 1.23 | (0.38, 3.97) | 0.72 |
| Black | 1.53 | (0.43, 5.43) | 0.51 |
| Hispanic | 0.54 | (0.22, 1.29) | 0.16 |
| Variable Estimate | 95% CI | p vs White | |
| Total no. ACR criteria | |||
| Male | −0.38 | (−0.61, −0.15) | 0.001 |
| White | 0 | ||
| Asian | −0.15 | (−0.41, 0.10) | 0.23 |
| Black | −0.11 | (−0.36, 0.13) | 0.35 |
| Hispanic | 0.23 | (−0.05, 0.50) | 0.1 |
↵* p value for individual ethnicity compared to white. SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus.