Adjusted estimated means (SE) of DAS28-CRP3 and MHAQ by smoking and alcohol consumption, stratified by HLA-SE status. Data were adjusted for age, sex, race, education, disease duration, baseline DAS28-CRP3 or MHAQ, body mass index, and use of prednisolone, DMARD (biologic and nonbiologic), and NSAID. The estimates of smoking and alcohol were adjusted for each other.
| DAS28-CRP3 | MHAQ | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HLA-SE+ | p | HLA-SE− | p | HLA-SE+ | p | HLA-SE− | p | ||
| Smoking status | Never | 3.34 ± 0.08 | Referent | 3.04 ± 0.09 | Referent | 0.38 ± 0.02 | Referent | 0.31 ± 0.02 | Referent |
| Past | 3.56 ± 0.09 | 0.03 | 2.98 ± 0.10 | 0.64 | 0.41 ± 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.32 ± 0.02 | 0.71 | |
| Current | 3.55 ± 0.16 | 0.20 | 2.54 ± 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.46 ± 0.04 | 0.09 | 0.31 ± 0.06 | 0.98 | |
| Alcohol, g/day | None | 3.54 ± 0.10 | Referent | 2.95 ± 0.12 | Referent | 0.46 ± 0.03 | Referent | 0.31 ± 0.03 | Referent |
| 0.1–4.9 | 3.45 ± 0.09 | 0.30 | 2.98 ± 0.13 | 0.79 | 0.42 ± 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.30 ± 0.03 | 0.65 | |
| 5.0–9.9 | 3.45 ± 0.12 | 0.41 | 2.75 ± 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.38 ± 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.30 ± 0.04 | 0.77 | |
| ≥ 10.0 | 3.50 ± 0.12 | 0.72 | 2.73 ± 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.40 ± 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.33 ± 0.04 | 0.76 | |
| P trend | 0.73 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.77 | |||||
DAS28-CRP3: Disease Activity Score using 28 joints with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; MHAQ: Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire; DMARD: disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (biologic DMARD refers to all kinds of anti-tumor necrosis factor, anti-interleukin 1, or anti-B cell agents); NSAID: nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug.