Hazard ratios for development of kidney disease for patients with no kidney disease prior to index date. Cox proportional hazard model was estimated controlling for age, index year, region, body mass index, race, tobacco use — past or present, and baseline hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes. Serum urate level was used as a time-varying covariate.
| Identification of Patients with Gout | N | Hazard Ratio | Lower 95% Confidence Limit | Upper 95% Confidence Limit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| At least 2 gout diagnoses | 2116 | 1.43 | 1.20 | 1.70 |
| At least 2 gout diagnoses and at least 1 gout medication | 2006 | 1.44 | 1.20 | 1.72 |
| At least 3 gout diagnoses | 1879 | 1.49 | 1.24 | 1.79 |