Table 2.

Clinical manifestation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings and initial therapy of systemic lupus erythematosus patients who have neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Patient	Focal Disease	Diffuse Disease	CSF Findings	Therapy
1		Transverse myelitis (thoracic cord)	WBC 4^†, protein 34, IgG index 0.57	Pulse steroids^**, CYC
2		Hallucinations, confusion	NA	Pulse steroids, CYC
3		Depression	NA	Antidepressants
4	R 6th nerve palsy		WBC 2, protein 29, IgG index 0.43	Pulse steroids, MYC
5	L Horner syndrome	Lupus headache	WBC 3, protein 34, IgG index 0.73^†	Pulse steroids, MYC
6		Acute cognitive decline	NA	Steroids
7		Disorientation, confusion, expressive aphasia	WBC 5^†, protein 45, IgG index 0.72^†	Pulse steroids, AZA
8	R hemiparesis		NA	Pulse steroids
9	TIA (L paresthesia, dysarthria)		NA	Pulse steroids
10	L hemiparesis, paresthesia		NA	Pulse steroids
^*		Organic brain syndrome, acute cognitive decline	WBC 4^†, protein 31, IgG index 0.56^†	Pulse steroids, MYC
11		Lupus headache	WBC 8^†, protein 65^†, IgG index 0.88^†	Pulse steroids, MYC
12		Organic brain syndrome (loss of consciousness, confusion)	NA	Pulse steroids, CYC
^*		Lupus headache	WBC 6^†, protein 42, IgG index 0.56	Steroids
13		Acute cognitive decline	NA	Pulse steroids
14		Transverse myelitis, lupus headache	WBC 2, protein 20, IgG index 0.50	Pulse steroids, CYC
15		Psychosis	WBC 0, protein 19, IgG index 0.44	Pulse steroids, CYC
16	TIA (expressive aphasia)		NA	Pulse steroids
17		Psychosis	NA	Pulse steroids, CYC
18		Acute cognitive decline	NA	Pulse steroids, MYC
19		Psychosis	WBC 0, protein 31	Pulse steroids, CYC
20	TIA (dysarthria, L hemiparesis)	Acute confusional syndrome	NA	Pulse steroids

↵* Patients excluded from analysis.
↵** Pulse steroids: solumedrol 1000 mg for 3 days followed by oral prednisone 1 mg/kg.
↵† Abnormal CSF results. WBC: white blood cell count; VI: xxx; CYC: cyclophosphamide; MYC: mycophenolate; AZA: azathioprine; NA: not applicable; TIA: transient ischemic attack.