Table 1.

Details of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine-induced cardiomyopathies (case reports including histologic studies of the myocardium).

Study	Age/Sex	Diagnosis	Drug	Years	CD, g	R/NM	cAVB	Cardiac Diagnostics	Histology	EM	CLB	Symptoms	Followup
Hughes (1)¹⁰	62 F	RA	CQ	2.5	330	M		NA	A			AHF	† (4 mo)
Motan (2)¹¹	68 F	RA	CQ	14	1900		+	NA	A			NA	†
Godeau(1)¹²	36 F	SLE	CQ	NA	700	R	+	NA	EMB	+	+	NA	† (1 yr)
Ratliff¹³	58 F	DLE	HCQ CQ	10 6	730 1100	NMR	+	Hypertrophy, rCMP	EMB	+	+	CHF	↑ (7 mo post >) incl. histol.
	59 M	SLE	HCQ	2	290			NA	EMB	+	+	CHF	NA
McAllister⁷	33 F	SLE	CQ	11	1100	NM		Hypertrophy	EMB	+	+	CHF	NA
	73 F	SLE	CQ	8	730			Hypertrophy	A	+	+	CHF	†
Verny (1)¹⁴	56 F	SLE	CQ	16	1170	NM	+	Echo: normal	EMB	+	–	Syn	cAVB→ (1 yr post >)
Iglesias C¹⁵	59 F	DLE	CQ	25	2280	M	+	Hypertrophy, rCMP	A	+	+	CHF	†
August¹⁶	81 F	RA	CQ	25	NA	R		Hypertrophy	A	+	+	AHF	†
Veinot¹⁷	60 F	RA	CQ	10	912	NM	+	Hypertrophy, systolic dysfunction	A	+	+	CHF	†
Baguet¹⁸	58 F	SLE	HCQ CQ	25 2	4380 660	NM		Hypertrophy, rCMP	EMB	+	+	CHF	↑ (8 mo post >)
Teixeira¹⁹	58 F	RA	CQ	9	820		+	Echo: normal	EMB	+	+	Syn	NA
Roos²⁰	53-73, FFM	1 SLE→ 2 RA→	CQ HCQ	NA (3)	NA (3)	M (1)		Dilated CMP (1) A/A/EMB		+++	++–	CHF	†† NA
Charlier²¹	42 F	RA	CQ	7	756		+	Echo: normal	A	+	+	Syn	†
Freihage²²	50 F	RA	CQ	6	1100			Hypertrophy, rCMP EMB	+ Expl.	+	+	CHF	TX (3 mo post >)
Nord (1)⁸	31 F	SLE	HCQ	12	1750	NM		Dilated CMP A	+ EMB	+	–	CHF	†
Naqvi²³	61 F	SLE	CQ	23	∼2300		+	Hypertrophy, rCMP, MRI: DE	EMB	+	–	CHF + Syn	↑ (7/16 mo post >)
Keating²⁴	39 F	SLE	HCQ	4	580			Hypertrophy, systolic dysfunction	EMB	+	+	Syn	NA
Reffelmann²⁵	67 F	RA	CQ	20	1825			Hypertrophy, diast. dysf., MRI:DE	EMB	+	–	CHF	NA
Costedoat⁹	59 F	DLE	CQ HCQ	8 4	680 580	NMR	+	Hypertrophy, rCMP	Expl.	+	+	CHF	TX (4 mo post>)
Cotroneo²⁶	51 F	JRA + SLE	HCQ	31	∼3400	R		Hypertrophy, rCMP	EMB	+	+	CHF	↑ (2 yrs post >) incl.histol.
Jimenez²⁷	56 M	RA	CQ	6	550			Hypertrophy, rCMP	EMB	+	+	CHF	↑ (2 yrs post >)
Soong²⁸	55 F	SLE	HCQ	10	1460			Systolic dysfunction	EMB	+	–	CHF + ARF	† (3 mo post >)
	65 F	SSc + SS	HCQ	25	3650			Diastolic dysfunction	EMB	+	+	CHF	↑ (3 mo post >)
Manohar²⁹	64 F	SLE	HCQ	10	NA			Hypertrophy, syst. + diast. dysf.	EMB	+	+	CHF	↑ (9 mo post >)
Saussine (2)³⁰	48 F	LE	CQ	3	225		+	Echo:normal	EMB			Syn	NA
Fragasso³¹	74 M	Malaria	CQ	(10)	15			Systolic dysfunction	EMB			CHF	↑ (9 mo post >)
Lee³²	52 F	RA	HCQ	13	1898			Hypertrophy, rCMP, MRI:DE	EMB	+	+	Syn	↑ echo (4 mo post >)
Pieroni³³	64 F	MCTD	CQ	5	1095			Hypertrophy, rCMP	EMB	+	+	CHF	NA
Muthukrishnan³⁴	66 F	SLE	HCQ	10	1460		+	Hypertrophy, rCMP	EMB			CHF	† (2 mo post >)
Newton-Cheh³⁵	47 M	SLE	HCQ	14	2190			Hypertrophy, rCMP	EMB	+	+	CHF	echo + CHF→ (1 yr post >)
Hartmann³⁶	75 F	RA	HCQ	10	NA			Hypertrophy, syst. + diast.dysf.	EMB	+	+	AHF	↑ (6 mo post >)
Our patient	65 F	RA	CQ	35	3195	R	+	Hypertrophy, diast. dysf., MRI:DE	EMB	+	+	(CHF)	cAVB→ (14 mo post >)

(1): Case 1. (2) Case 2. ↑ Improvement. → Unchanged. † Death. >: withdrawal of CQ/HCQ; A: autopsy; AHF: acute heart failure; ARF: acute renal failure; cAVB: complete AV block; CD: cumulative dose; CHF: congestive heart failure; CLB: curvilinear bodies; CMP: cardiomyopathy; CQ: chloroquine; DE: delayed enhancement; diast.: diastolic; DLE: discoid lupus erythematosus; dysf.: dysfunction; echo: echocardiography; EM: electron microscopy; EMB: endomyocardial biopsy; Expl.: explanted heart; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; histol.: histology; MCTD: mixed connective tissue disease; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; NA: not available; NM: neuromyopathy; R: retinopathy; (J)RA: (juvenile) rheumatoid arthritis; rCMP: restrictive cardiomyopathy; SSc: systemic sclerosis; (S)LE: (systemic) lupus erythematosus; SS: Sjögren’s syndrome; Syn: syncope; syst.: systolic; TX: heart transplant.