Type of Biomarker | Assay | Example |
---|---|---|
Genetic | Association studies, GWAS | GWAS studies in PsA patients |
Gene expression | Microarray, RNA sequence | Gene expression in PBMC |
Cellular | OCP or Th17 frequency | Frequency of Th17 cells in blood and synovial fluid |
Soluble | Cytokines, cartilage/bone markers | Expression of CTX-1 and MMP-3 in peripheral blood |
Imaging | Radiograph, MRI, Doppler ultrasound | Radiographic erosions, bone edema in PsA joints, increased Doppler ultrasound signal |
Proteomics | High-resolution mass spectrometry | Serum proteomic analysis in psoriasis patients vs another inflammatory skin disease and controls |
Tissue | H & E staining and IHC | Expression of RANKL in synovium |
CTX-1: collagen 1 degradation product; GWAS: genome-wide association scan; H & E: hematoxylin and eosin; MMP: metalloproteinase; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; OCP: osteoclast precursors; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PsA: psoriatic arthritis; RANKL: receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand; RNA-seq: whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing.